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Biol 66 - Human Physiology > Chapter 20 Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

gonads

A

testis and ovary

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2
Q

gametes

A

sperm and egg
receive 23 chromosomes
haploid

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3
Q

gametogenesis

A

spermatogenesis and oogenesis

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4
Q

gonadotropic homrones

A

FSH, LH

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5
Q

Gonadal steroids

A

testosterone, estradiol and progesterone

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6
Q

accessory reproductive organs

A

ducts, glands

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7
Q

amount of chromosomes

A

23 pairs in each cell

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8
Q

what do chromosomes contain

A

DNA

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9
Q

cell with 46 pairs

A

called diploid

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10
Q

meiosis

A

production of germ cells

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11
Q

fertilization

A

sperm cell and egg cell form fertilized egg (46 chromosomes)

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12
Q

mitosis

A

cell division

for growth

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13
Q

chromosome pairs 1-22

A

autosomal chromosomes

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14
Q

chromosome pair 23

A

sex chromosome
XX female
XY male

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15
Q

what stimulates gonads

A

gonadotropic homrmones (FSH, LH)

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16
Q

three hormone sequences

A

hypothalamus secretes GNRH -> Anterior pituitary Gland secretes FSH ,LH -> gonads stimulated to secret sex hormones and undergo gametogenesis

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17
Q

function of Gonads

A

gametogenesis (spermatogenesis)

synthesize and secrete hormones

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18
Q

structure of gonads in the male reproductive system

A

seminiferous tubules
sertoli cells for spermatogenesis
leydig cells for testosterone

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19
Q

accessory organs of the male reproductive system

A

duct system
glands
secondary sexual structure

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20
Q

duct system of the male reproductive system

A

epididymis
vas deferens
ejaculatory ducts
urethra

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21
Q

glands of the male reproductive system

A

seminal vesicles
prostate
bulbourethral glands

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22
Q

pathway of sperm

A

seminiferous tubules - rete testes - efferent ductules, epididymis - vas deferens

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23
Q

FSH

A

initiates spermatogenesis

secretion of inhibin by sertoli cells

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24
Q

LH

A

leydig cells secrete testosterone

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25
Q

testosterone

A

secreted by testes
causes spermatogenesis
increased secretion during puberty

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26
Q

amount of produced sperms

A

appx. 300 million per day

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27
Q

location of spermatogenesis

A

seminiferous tubules

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28
Q

what do germ cells form to

A

spermatogonia

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29
Q

mitosis

A

spermatogonia duplicate themselves via mitotic division - primary spermatocyte

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30
Q

first meiotic division in the male reproductive system

A

seperation into secondary spermatocytes

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31
Q

second meiotic division in the male reproductive system

A

dublicated chromatids are seperated into daughter cells - spermatids

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32
Q

spermiogenesis

A

spermatids transform into spermatozoa (sperm)

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33
Q

result of spermatogenesis

A

23 pairs of chromosomes are reduced to a set of 23 chromosoes (corresponding 23 chromosomes are in ova

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34
Q

sertoli cells

A

support spermatogenesis

protect developing sperm

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35
Q

what allows spermatozoan to access interior of the ova

A

enzymes released from the acrosome of the head

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36
Q

glands of the penis

A

sensory nerve ending

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37
Q

erctile tissue of the penis

A

corpora cavernosae

corpus spongiosum

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38
Q

components of semen

A

sperm and fluid

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39
Q

erection

A

release of NO from parasympathetic axon

increased bloodflow to corpus cavernosae and corpus spongiosum

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40
Q

emission

A

movement of semen into urethra

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41
Q

what stimulates emission

A

sympathetic nervous system

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42
Q

ejaculation

A

release of semen out of penis

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43
Q

what stimulates ejacuation

A

sympathetic nervous system

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44
Q

erectile disfunction

A

constant inability to achieve erection

impotence

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45
Q

causes of erectile disfunction

A 
nerve damage
heart disease
enlarged protate
drugs
diabetes
psychological factors
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46
Q

Gonads (female)

A

Gametogenesis (oogenesis)

Ovarian (monthly) cycle

47
Q

hormones synthesized and secreted by the Gonads (ovaries)

A

estrogen, progesterone, inhibin

48
Q

Accessory Organs of the Female Reproductive System

A

Oviducts/Fallopian Tubes/Uterine Tubes
Uterus
cervix
Vagina

49
Q

responsibility of Oviducts/Fallopian Tubes/Uterine Tubes

A

transport released ovum plus follicular cells

50
Q

uterus

A

location of fetal development
perimetrium (outermost layer)
myometrium (thick muscle layer)
endometrium (epithelial tissue, sloughed during menstruation)

51
Q

cervix

A

formed by uterus

52
Q

vagina

A

path for sperm to ovum

53
Q

woman´s external genitalia

A

clitoris
labia majora
labia minora

54
Q

clitoris

A

homologous to penis

erectile tissue

55
Q

labia majors

A

erectile tissue

56
Q

labia minora

A

urethra

vagina

57
Q

what stimulates oogenesis/follicle growth

A

FSH from anterior pituitay gland

58
Q

what happens to oogonia during fetal life

A

undergo mitotic divisions

59
Q

what happens after 7 months in the female reproductive system

A

mitoses end and oogonia enter their 1st meiotic divisions as primary oocytes

60
Q

what surrounds primary oocyte

A

granulosa cells

61
Q

primary oocyte + hormone secreting granuloa cell

A

primordial follicle

62
Q

primary follicles that grow and develop more

A

secondary follicle

63
Q

continued growth of secondary follicle

A

mature or graafian follicle

64
Q

fluid filled cavity in graafian follicle

A

antrum

65
Q

what is the result of the first meiotic division

A

secondary oocyte

66
Q

ovary development

A

primary gollicle - secondary follicle - graafian follicle - primary division - secondary oocyte

67
Q

thin gel-like layer in oocyte

A

zona pellucida

68
Q

time of ovulation

A

day 10-14 of menstrual cyle

69
Q

bulges on surface of ovary that releases oocyte

A

ovulation

70
Q

surroundings of secondary oocyte

A

zona pellucida

corona radiata

71
Q

zygote

A

fetilized egg

72
Q

corpus luteum

A

yellow body

a change in ovary during monthy cycle

73
Q

timespan of menstrual cycle

A

28 days

74
Q

menstruation

A

shedding of epithelium
if egg is not fertilized
days 1-4 of cycle

75
Q

follicular phase of the menstrual/ovarian cycle

A

days 1-13
development of follicle under influence of FSH
increased estradiol production
one follicle matures to graafian follicle near end

76
Q

ovulation

A

day 14
estradiol -> LH increase
wall of graafian follicle ruptures
secondary oocyte is released into oviduct

77
Q

luteal phase in ovarian cycle

A

days 18-28

transformation of follicle into corpus luteum due to LH

78
Q

proliferative phasse in endometrial cycle

A

days 5-14
during ovarian follicular phase
growth and maturation of endometrium

79
Q

secretory phase of endmoetrial cycle

A

days 15-28

increasded progesterone and estradiol stimulate endometrial thickning and uterine gland development

80
Q

menstrual phase ofthe endomentrial cycle

A

days 1-4
decrease of ovarian hormones causes menstrual flow
myomentrium contraction causes cramps

81
Q

how many sperm survive to enter oviduct and how many can fertilize an ovum

A

around 100

82
Q

capacitation

A

ability to fertilize egg

around 10% of sperms

83
Q

time window for fertilization

A

5 days before to 1 day after ovulation

84
Q

what happens during fertilization

A

acrosome in head of sperm binds to zoan pellucida casuing acrosome reaction

85
Q

what do acrosomal enymes do

A

allow the sperm to penetrade the egg´s membrane

86
Q

cleavage

A

zygot undergoes mitotic cell division into 2 smaller cells

87
Q

what results continued mitosis in

A

morula (8cells)

88
Q

blastocyst

A

develops by day 4
32-64 cells
inner mass become fetus
outer chorion become placenta

89
Q

implanation

A

by day 6

blastocyte embeds itself in the endometrium (uterus wall)

90
Q

stages of early development

A 
ovary
corpus luteum
maturin follicle
ovulation
secondary oocyte
fertilization
egg cell and sperm cell in ovum
zygote
cleavage
morula
blastocyst
implanation
91
Q

what do chorion cells of blastocyte secrete

A

human chorionic gonatropin (hCG)

92
Q

what happens in week 5-6

A

CL regresses

placenta secretes progesterone and estrogen to maintain pregnancy

93
Q

placenta

A

organ of exchange between mother and fetus

forms in uterus

94
Q

what is fetal blood sperated by to maternal blood

A

chorionic villi

95
Q

arteries that transport blood from fetus into capillaries of choronic villi

A

umbilical arteries

96
Q

veins that transport from capillaries back to fetus

A

umbilical veins

97
Q

umbilical veins and arteries

A

housed in umbilical cord

98
Q

what is indicator for pregnancy

A

chorionic gonadotrpin in urine

99
Q

location of fetus

A

in fluid filled amniotic sac

100
Q

labor

A

powerful uterine contraction to expel fetus

101
Q

parturition

A

childbirth

102
Q

what stimulates uterine contraction

A

oxytocin and protaglandins

neural and chemical cues

103
Q

what keeps smooth muscle during parturition inactive

A

progesterone

104
Q

what causes estrogen during parturition

A

myometrial contraction

increaces # of receptor for oxytocin and prostaglandins

105
Q

what makes cervix soft and flexible

A

estrogen
prostaglandins
relaxin

106
Q

consequences when fetal hypothalamus secretes CRH

A

feteal anterior pituitary secrets ACTH -> fetal and maternal adrenal cortex secrete cortisol

107
Q

what does the maternal hypothalamus secrete

A

oxytocin

108
Q

responsibilities of cortisol

A

stimulates surfactant production in fetal lungs

inhibits placental progesterone

109
Q

lactation

A

production and secretion of milk after birth

depends on estrogens and progensterone

110
Q

what glands are responsible for milk production

A

mammary glands

111
Q

secretory unit of mammary glands

A

alveolus

112
Q

what are sleoli surrounded by

A

myoepithelial and adipose cells

113
Q

what stimulates mammary glands to produce milk

A

prolactin

114
Q

what stimulates milk ejection

A

oxytocin

Biol 66 - Human Physiology (13 decks)

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