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Biol 66 - Human Physiology > Chapter 19 Regulation of Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Regulation of Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

metabolism

A

all of the chemical reactions in the body

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2
Q

subdivisions of metabolism

A

anabolism (energy storage)

catabolism (energy liberation)

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3
Q

absorbtion time of an average meal

A

4h

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4
Q

energy reserves

A

glycogen and fat

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5
Q

formation of glycogen and fat

A

glycogenesis and lipogenesis

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6
Q

what controls the use of reserves

A

hormones

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7
Q

two functional states that provide energy for cellular activity

A

absorbtive state

postabsorbtive state

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8
Q

absorbtive state

A

“feasting” (sclemmen)

when ingested nutrients enter the blood from the GI tract during 4h following a meal

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9
Q

postabsorbtive state

A 
"fasting"
after absorbtive state
when GI tract is empty of nutrients and body´s own stores supply energy
insulin secretion decreases
glucagon secretion increases
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10
Q

hormones that controle the states

A

glucagon and insulin

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11
Q

glucagon

A

secreted by alpha cells of islets of Langerhans

increased secretion during postabsorbtive state when blood glucose is low

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12
Q

what does glucagon stimulate

A

breakdown of glycogen

production of glucose

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13
Q

insulin

A

secreted by beta cells of islets of Langerhans

increased secretion during absorbtive state when blood glucose is high

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14
Q

what does inulin do

A

synthesis of energy reserves

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15
Q

carbohydrates during absorptive state

A

absorbed into glood from GI tract as monosaccharides

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16
Q

proteins during absorptive state

A

absorbed into glood from GI tract as AAs

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17
Q

fat during absorptive state

A

absorbed into lymph as chylomicrons, and lymph drains into systemic veins

18
Q

glucose

A

body´s major energy source during absorptive state

19
Q

what happens to glucose during aborptive state

A

catabolized to CO2, H2O and energy
conversion to glycogen
transformation to fat
synthesize triglyceride

20
Q

Lipids in absorptive state

A

together with glucose transformed into triglcerides to be stored
provides energy

21
Q

excess of cholesterol from chylomicrons

A

can lead to atherosclerosis

22
Q

amino acid in absorptive state

A

used to synthesis proteins

deaminated (amino group used to secrete urea, rest is catabolizes for energy)

23
Q

protein catabolism

A

breakdown of proteins into AAs

24
Q

ways that maintain blood glucose for energy and CNS activity

A

glycogenolysis (breakdwon of glycogen)
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose using AAs)
glucose sparing (use of free fatty acids from lipolysis for energy)
ketogenesis (synthesis of ketone from fatty acids)

25
Q

neuronal regulation of the metabolism

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic NS stimulate pancreatic islets

26
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

chronic high blood glucose

27
Q

two types of diabetes mellitus

A

type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin dependent)

type 2 diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent)

28
Q

insulin dependent (type 1) Diabetes

A

insulin deficiency due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells
insulin must be injected, pumped or inhaled in powder form

29
Q

what causes insulin dependent (type 1) Diabetes

A

genetic and environmental causes

30
Q

3Ps of insulin dependent (type 1) Diabetes

A

polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia

31
Q

why does Hyperglycemia occur during insulin dependent (type 1) Diabetes

A

because glucose doesn´t enter cells

32
Q

why does glucosuria occur

A

because amount of glucose exceeds transport maximum for reabsorption in kidneys

33
Q

ketosis

A

increased ketone body concentration

34
Q

non-insulin dependent (type2) diabetes

A

Insulin is present but target cells are resistant to it
beta cells may secrete more insulin in response to glucose
most common form of diabetes

35
Q

who has a higher probability to get non-insulin dependent (type2) diabetes

A

adults

obese individuals

36
Q

effects of diabetes

A

tissue and capillary damage
eyes, kidneys and peripheral nerves
increased sensation in extremities
circulatory deficiencies

37
Q

how does cholesterol enter plasma

A

via diet into GI tract

in chylomicrons from SI

38
Q

what is another cholesterol source besides dietary

A

liver synthesizes cholesterol

39
Q

functions of cholesterol

A

basis of steroids and bile salts
found in chylomicrons
form VLDLs (deliver triglycerides to organs)
found in LDLs (carry cholesterol to organs)
found in HDLs (return extra cholesterol back to liver)

40
Q

key hormone for long-term control of food intake

A

leptin

41
Q

where does leptin act on

A

hypothalamus

Biol 66 - Human Physiology (13 decks)

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