Chapter 14: Lymphatic System Flashcards by Amy Guzman

Functions

-fluid balance (lymph)
-lipid absorption (aka, fat)
-defense (largest function)

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5 Organ structures

lymph nodes
tonsils
thymus gland
spleen
bone marrow

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What is the term for tissue swelling?

peripheral edema

-caused by blockage in system

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What are the 2 types of lymphatic organs?

primary & secondary

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What are the 2 primary organs?

bone marrow & thymus gland

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What is the bone marrow for?

site of production & maturation

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What are examples of the secondary organs?

spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes, appendix

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Again… what is peripheral edema? Also, what is it caused by?

tissue swelling; caused by BLOCKAGE

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What are the 2 kinds of lymphatic vessels called?

Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct (aka, left)

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What regions are affected by the Right Lymphatic Duct?

Right part of UPPER body (right of head, thorax, right of arm)

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What regions are affected by the Thoracic Duct?

Left half of UPPER BODY & LOWER BODY (entire abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities)

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Where does the right-subclavian-vein drain into?

Right lymphatic duct

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Where does the thoracic duct empty/drain into?

between junction of LEFT SUBCLAVIAN VEIN & LEFT INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

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What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

T-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes
NK cells (Natural Killer)

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(T/F)
All lymphocytes are produced in red bone marrow

True

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Where are all B, T, and NK cells produced?

Red bone marrow

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Good.
Now, where do both B-cells & NK cells MATURE?

Red bone marrow

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Where do T-cells MATURE?

Thymus gland (T for Thymus)

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What are the 2 versions of T-cells? What is their job?

C4 (helps B-cells & T-cells) & C8 (cytotoxic T-cells)

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What is the job of B-cells?

transform into plasma cells & produce antibodies

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What is the job of NK-cells?

immune surveillance w/ surface antigens (Ag)

(recognize surface antigens (Ag) and what destroys cells)

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What are the 2 forms of Ag?

+ self Ag (immune system spares these)
+ non-self Ag (bacteria & fungus)

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AGAIN…
all lymphocytes (B-cells, T-cells, and NK cells) mature in red bone marrow EXCEPT….

T-cells (they mature in thymus gland)

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What are self Ag?

good antigens & immune system spares these

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What are non-self Ag?

bacteria and fungus... immune system will react & fight these

What if the immune system reacts with the self Ag, instead of sparing them?

causes autoimmune disease

AGAIN... to summarize What is the function of B-cells?

transform to plasma cells & produce antibodies

AGAIN... to summarize What is the function of T-cells?

CD4= helper cell CD8= cytotoxin

AGAIN... to summarize What is the function of NK cells?

produce perforins to kill bacterium

In regards to NK cells, what even are perforins?

protein molecules that are used to kill bacterium

Remember how tonsils are secondary organs? What is their job?

protect against bacteria

What are the 3 kinds of tonsils?

- Palatine (bilateral) - Pharyngeal (root of mouth/adenoids) - Lingual (tongue)

What are palatine tonsils?

bilateral tonsils

What are pharyngeal tonsils? (and what are they AKA?)

root of mouth AKA, adenoids

What are lingual tonsils?

tongue tonsils

Efferent lymphatic vessels (hint: EFF=EFF OFF)

carry lymph AWAY from lymph nodes

Afferent lymphatic vessels

carry lymph TOWARD lymph nodes (also, there are MORE of these than efferent vessels)

T/F There are less afferent vessels than efferent

False, there are MORE afferent vessels than efferent

Where is the spleen located?

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

4 functions of spleen: (hint: FDDB)

-filters blood -detects foreign substances -destroys old RBC -blood reservoir

What is the thymus gland? Where is it located?

-PRIMARY bilobed organ; located ANTERIORLY at base of heart

At what age does the thymus gland STOP growing?

age 2

When does the thymus gland begin to DECREASE in size?

age 60

Where does the T-lymphocyte mature in?

thymus gland

Antigen

stimulates immune response

Self-antigen

produced by own body

Non-self antigen

foreign antigen

What are the 2 kinds of immunity? Describe each definition briefly.

-Innate: Present at birth & genetically determined -Adaptive: Acquire throughout life

Chemical mediators produce... (hint: starts with an i) BTW, what are they? (hint: H & I)

inflammation -HISTAMINE (vasodilation & increased vascular permeability) -INTERFERONS (produced by virally infected cells)

AGAIN, interferons are produced by what kind of cells?

virally infected cells

The complement system has two pathways (classical and alternative)... What is the classical pathway? Which kind of immunity if it a part of? (adaptive or innate)

Adaptive (antibodies->antigens)

MAC stands for what?

Membrane Attack Complex (hole puncher) (it makes channel through membrane which kills cells, aka cell lysis)

Within the complement system, what cells cause cell death or lysis... and what do they use to perform it?

NK cells (natural killer) they use perforins

In classical pathway, what two antibodies trigger it?

IgG & IgM

What is Opsonization?

enhancement of phagocytosis

Define neutrophils

1st cell to enter an infected tissue

Define macrophage

monocytes that leave blood & now enter tissues

What are the 3 kinds of macrophages?

-Dust cell (in lungs) -Kupffer cell (in liver) -Microglia (in CNS)

AGAIN, where are dust cells located?

lungs

AGAIN, where are Kupffer cells located?

liver

AGAIN, where are Microglia cells located?

CNS (brain, spinal cord)

What's a B-lymphocyte?

when activated, it becomes a plasma cell in order to produce antibodies

What's a T-lymphocyte? What are 2 kinds of T-cells? (hint: CD# and CD#) BTW, what is the role of each?

....cell-mediated immunity -CD4 (helper T-cell) -CD8 (cytotoxin T-cell)

Difference between basophils & eosinophils. Define them briefly.

BASOPHILS-> promote inflammation & release histamine and leukotrienes EOSINOPHILS -> reduce inflammation & secrete enzymes that kill parasites

AGAIN, what protein do NK-cells use in order to kill infected cells?

Perforins

MHC class I... attracts what 2 types of lymphocytes?

CD8 (cytotoxin) & non-self antigens

MHC class II... attracts what 2 types of lymphocytes?

CD4 (helper) & non-self antigens

5 signs of LOCAL INFLAMMATION:

-redness (rubor) -heat (calor) -swelling (tumor) -pain (dolor) -loss of function (function laesa)

What is latin for redness? (symptom for local inflammation)

rubor

What is latin for loss of function? (symptom for local inflammation)

functio laesa

AGAIN, what are the 2 types of immunity? (hint: A____ & P____)

active immunity & passive immunity

Active immunity is provided by...

ones own immune system

Natural active immunity includes...?

ANTIGEN is received from NATURAL EXPOSURE (ex: COVID-19)

Artificial active immunity includes...?

ANTIGEN received in VACCINE (ex: flu shot, Hep A/B vaccine, DTaP)

Passive immunity occurs when..

its transferred from another person or animal

Natural passive immunity includes...?

ANTIBODIES from moms breast milk or placenta are given to baby (IgG passed from placenta)

Artificial passive immunity includes...?

ANTIBODIES given by injection (ex: Rabies shot)

5 Antibodies:

-IgG (crosses placenta) -IgA (bodily secretion) -IgM (new infection) -IgE (allergies) -IgD (surface of B-cells)

New infection includes what 2 antibodies?

IgM --> IgG

Reinfection includes what 2 antibodies?

IgG --> IgM