Chapter 15: Respiratory System Flashcards by Amy Guzman

7 Functions:

-Ventilation (exhale & inhale)

-Respiration (external & internal gas exchange)

-Regulation of blood pH level

-Produce chemical mediators (control Blood Pressure chronically)

-Voice production

-Olfaction (CN I)

-Protection (3 levels; nose hairs, ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ Goblet cells, dust cells)

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What are the 2 levels of respiration?

-External (pulmonary gas exchange; OXYGEN moves into capillary veins & CO2 moves OUT)

-Internal (tissue gas exchange; CO2 MOVES IN capillary and OXYGEN moves OUT)

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What is external respiration?

pulmonary gas exchange

O2 moves in while CO2 moves out of capillary veins into lung tissue

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What is internal respiration?

tissue gas exchange

CO2 is moved IN capillary veins while O2 moves OUT

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AGAIN, what do chemical mediators do?

control blood pressure CHRONICALLY

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BONUS:
What type of gas is MOST abundant?

Nitrogen (N)

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Acute BP (blood pressure) will include the nervous system, specifically parasympathetic & sympathetic.
Between these 2, when does BP increase and decrease?

Parasympathetic = BP goes down :(

Sympathetic = BP goes up :)

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In terms of chronic BP, what system is used?

RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldesterone-System)

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In RAAS, kidney can be decreased in BV/BP, which will produce… R____?

Renin

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Back to one of the functions being PROTECTION…
What are the 3 layers/lines of defenses… IN ORDER!

1) Nose hairs
2) Ciliated pseudostratifiied columnar epithelium w/ Goblet cells
3) Dust cells

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What are dust cells, just checking c:

macrophages in air sacs (alveoli)

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Spell the second line of defense?
(Hint: it’s a very annoyingly LONG word… CPCEwGC)

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium w/ Goblet cells

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What are alveoli?

air sacs

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What 4 structures are included in the UPPER respiratory tract? (basically, above the glottis)

-External nose
-Nasal cavity
-Pharynx (throat)
-Larynx (voicebox)

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Another word for pharynx?

throat

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Another word for larynx?

voicebox

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How can you remember what’s included in the UPPER respiratory tract?

every structure ABOVE glottis (where larynx is found)

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AGAIN,
where can you find the glottis?

in larynx

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What structure is included in the LOWER respiratory tract? (below glottis)

Trachea (windpipe)

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Another word for trachea?

windpipe

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The dividing point of trachea is called the…
(hint: C_____)

Carina

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Where can the Pulmonary Hilum be found?

Root of the lung

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4 Structures of the Pulmonary Hilum

-Pulmonary artery (1)
-Pulmonary veins (2)
-Pulmonary bronchus (1)

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Patient has pharyngitis…
which means they have an infection in what specific tract?

UPPER respiratory tract (since it includes pharynx)

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Back to the pharynx (throat), there are 3 subunits of the pharynx. Name them IN ORDER from top to bottom

-Nasopharynx (receives air from nasal cavity) -Oropharynx (right behind oral cavity) -Laryngopharynx

Out of the 3 subunits of the pharynx, which 2 are apart of the digestive tract... in other words, which are used for eating?

-Oropharynx (Oro=oral) -Laryngopharynx (laryngo=voicebox & throat)

The larynx (voicebox) is made of how many cartilages?

What are the 3 singular cartilages of the larynx? (ETC) 1/2

-Epiglottis --> spoon-shaped -Thyroid --> V-shaped; Adam's Apple -Cricoid --> O-shaped; NOT a part of trachea, but instead larynx

What are the 6 paired cartilages of the larynx? (ACC)

-Arytenoid -Corniculate (horns/attached to arytenoid) -Cuneiform (only seen w/ membrane)

What cartilage shape is epiglottis?

spoon-shaped

What cartilage shape is thyroid?

V-shaped

What cartilage shape is cricoid?

O-shaped (part of larynx, NOT trachea)

What cartilage shape is the trachea?

C-shaped (many of them... 15-20 cartilages)

Name the respiratory structures IN ORDER (8 total)

-Trachea -Primary bronchus -Secondary bronchus -Tertiary bronchus -Bronchiole -Terminal bronchiole -Respiratory bronchioles -Alveoli

Out of the 8 respiratory structures, which 2 involve EXTERNAL GAS EXCHANGE?

Respiratory bronchioles & Alveoli

Which bronchus determines the # of lobes per lung? (HINT: third respiratory structure)

secondary bronchus

How many lobes are in the LEFT lung?

2 lobes (superior and inferior)

How many lobes are in the RIGHT lung?

3 lobes (superior, middle, and inferior)

The LEFT lung has which kind of fissure?

oblique fissure

The RIGHT lung has which kind of fissures?

oblique fissure AND horizontal fissure

TRICK QUESTION: Which lung has an oblique fissure?

BOTH the left & right lungs

TRICK QUESTION: Which lung has a horizontal fissure?

ONLY the right lung

What is the tapered end of the lungs called?

Apex

What is the broad end of the lungs called?

Base

Where is the cardiac notch found? In the left or right lung?

Left lung

Describe what happens during inhalation?

Diaphragm CONTRACTS so it can increase lung volume

What muscles are used during inhalation/contraction?

-Pectoralis minor -Scalene muscles -External Intercostal

Describe what happens during exhalation?

Diaphragm RELAXES

What muscles are used during exhalation/relaxation?

-Internal intercostal -Transverse thoracic -Abdominal muscles

What is the Boyles Law formula for pressure?

P=1/V (fraction)

So... What REALLY is Boyles Law?

inverse proportional by that, I mean... if Pressure is increasing, then Volume decreases

If volume is increasing, then pressure is ______?

decreasing

TRUE/FALSE: Volume is the opposite of pressure when using Boyles Law

True

EXAMPLE: If 760 mmHg of air enters the person's lung (inhale), then pressure will be MORE OR LESS than 760 mmHg?

Less

Inspiration is another word for _____

Inhale

Expiration is another word for _____

Exhale

Considering the diaphragm contracts during inspiration/inhalation, that can only mean the process is considered _____?

Active

Considering the diaphragm relaxes during expiration/exhalation, that can only mean the process is considered _____?

Passive (at rest)

Pulmonary volume during inspiration increases/decreases?

Increases

Pulmonary pressure during inspiration increases/decreases?

Decreases

What is ALWAYS the atmospheric pressure of BOTH inspiration & expiration?

760 mmHg

During inspiration, the direction of airflow goes...?

Into the lung

During expiration, the direction of airflow goes...?

Out of the lung

Pulmonary volume during EXPIRATION increases/decreases?

Decreases

Pulmonary pressure during EXPIRATION increases/decreases?

Increases

Gas exchange in the tissue outside of the lungs is called Internal respiration. TRUE OR FALSE?

True (internal respiration=tissue gas exchange)

T/F: Gas exchange in the lungs is called Internal respiration

False

Place the structures in order in which air flows into the body (HINTl: from nasal cavity to primary bronchi)

1. Nasal Cavity 2. Nasopharynx 3. Oropharynx 4. Larygnopharynx 5. Larynx 6. Trachea 7. Primary bronchi

T/F ... Oxygen moves into the alveolus during external respiration.

True (alveolus is in the lungs, external respiratory includes pulmonary gas exchange)

Inspiratory capacity:

TV + IRV

Functional residual capacity:

ERV + RV

Vital capacity:

IRV + TV + ERV

Total lung capacity:

IRV + TV + ERV+ RV

The floor of the nasal cavity is formed by the _____

Hard palate

T/F: Carbon dioxide moves into the pulmonary capillary during external respiration.

FALSE (it moves out of capillary in external)

T/F: Carbon dioxide moves into the working tissues during Internal respiration.

TRUE (hence, tissue gas exchange)

T/F: Oxygen moves into the peripheral capillary during internal respiration.

FALSE

The roof of the nasal cavity is formed by the _____.

Cribriform plate