Chapter 14 Section 1 Flashcards
The group known as philosophes applied what to what?
Enlightened thinkers were often known as philosophes, the French word for “philosophers.” They applied the logical thinking used in science to other areas, especially government and society.
Why did philosophes use the term “Enlightenment” to describe their movement? **
Philosophes use the term “Enlightenment” in belief that the “light” of human reason would shatter the “darkness” of ignorance, superstition, and unfair authority.
Why did the philosophes think the justice system was unfair?
The philosophes think the justice system was unfair because they claimed that rulers had too much power and they kept their subjects uneducated and in poor conditions.
What are natural rights, and who do they apply to?
Natural rights are a right, such as life or liberty, that a person is born with.
What does the image An Evening at Madame Geoffrin’s suggest about women’s participation in Enlightenment discussions?
There were little, to no women in Enlightenment discussions.
What did John Locke believe and what did he propose?
John Locke believed that humans were born free and equal with natural rights including life, liberty and property. He also claimed that a leader could only rule with the consent of people. As a result, Locke proposed the idea of a contract between rulers and the ruled with clearly defined rights and responsibilities for each.
What did Montesquieu propose and why did he believe his plan was important?
Montesquieu proposed the separation of government powers into three branches-legislative, judicial, and executive. Montesquieu believed his plan would limit government power and preserve individual freedom.
Describe the social contract Jean-Jacques Rousseau proposed.
The social contract was a contract between individuals and the society they live in. In the contract, individuals would agree to work toward the good of the country rather than pursuing their own personal interests.
How were Mary Wollstonecraft’s ideas different from those of many other Enlightenment thinkers?
Mary Wollstonecraft’s ideas were different from those of many other Enlightenment thinkers because she thought that because women have the ability to reason, they deserve equal rights to men.
Explain “free enterprise.”
“Free enterprise”is an economic system in which people buying and selling products determine what products are needed and what price should be paid for them.
By the 1600s, what were some monarchs declaring?
By the 1600s , some ruled as absolute monarchs. They claimed to rule by divine right, meaning that their power came directly from God.
Who was known as the Sun King and why would he choose the sun as his symbol?
Louis XIV because known as the Sun King because he chose the sun as his symbol. He chose the sun as his symbol because all France revolved around him, like the planets around the sun.
What is an enlightened despot?
An enlightened despot were the monarchs that applied reforms in their countries. Because they never surrendered their complete authority, they became known as enlightened despots, absolute monarchs who applied certain Enlightenment ideas.
What did Joseph II of Austria firmly believe and also introduce?
Joseph II of Austria firmly believed in social equality. He introduced religious tolerance, freedom of the press, and various law reforms.
What stopped Catherine the Great from freeing the serfs?
Catherine the Great favored enlightened ideas, she struggled to introduce reforms. She considered freeing the serfs, but changed her mind when she realized she needed the support of serf-owning nobles to keep herself in power.
