Chapter 14: Stress And Health Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
When does stress happen
A
When we are forced to adjust in some way
2
Q
3 parts to stress
A
It is both physical and psychological
It disturbs our homeostasis (Normal state)
It taxes our ability to cope
3
Q
Stressor
A
Can be a big traumatic event or a small daily hassle
4
Q
Type A personality
A
Competitive
Time urgent
Hostile and aggressive
5
Q
Resilience
A
Ability to bounce back from negative situations
6
Q
Resilience may lead to
A
Better functioning following negative experiences
7
Q
Coping with stress
A
Problem focussed or rational coping
Emotion focused or repressive coping
8
Q
Problem focussed or rational coping
A
Sublimation
9
Q
Emotion focused or repressive coping
A
Avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining a fake state of positivity
10
Q
Stress reliving interventions
A
Relaxation activities
Progressive muscle relaxation
Breathing exercise
11
Q
How can we lower our stress
A
Being socially integrated and having social support
12
Q
Feeling a sense of control can
A
Lower your stress
13
Q
Self efficacy
A
The belief that you can reach your goals and complete tasks
14
Q
Personality
A
Our unique pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and bahaviors that characterize the way we adapt to the world
15
Q
3 core assumptions of pshychodynamic approach to personality
A
Emphasis on unconscious
Early experiences shapes us
Nothin happens by chance
16
Q
Emphasis on unconscious
A
The mind is assumed to operate largely outside of our awareness
17
Q
Early experiences shape us
A
Things that happen while we are children, even infants or toddlers can affect us as adults
18
Q
Nothing happens by chance
A
Thoughts are neither random nor accidental
19
Q
Personality is based on the
A
Interplay of unconscious mental processes
20
Q
To Freud, part one of personality is
A
Visible
We are aware of conscious thoughts and perceptions
21
Q
Preconscious thoughts
A
Can reach awareness, but are not thinking of them now
22
Q
Unconscious thoughts
A
Exist outside our awareness
23
Q
Psychosexual stages
A
Characterized by challenges and gratifications
24
Q
Psychosexual stages
A
Erogenous stages
Fixation
25
Erogenous zone
What is the source of pleasure for developing children
26
Fixation
Getting stuck in a particular stage
27
Oral stage
Task: get nourishment
Fixation: over eating, nail biting
28
Anal stage
Task: master toilet training
Fixation: issues related to control, either excessive cleanliness or messiness
29
Phallic stage / Oedipal Stage
Task: satisfy unconscious sexual urges
Fixation: difficulty with authority figures
Problems and failures in adult relationships
30
Oedipus complex
Boys become erotically attracted to their mother
31
Latency period
Age 5 to puberty
| Sexual feelings suppressed
32
Genital stage
Physical and emotionally mature state
Capability of reciprocal interactions with others in various life domains
33
Id
Unconscious part of personality
Operates on pleasure principle
IMPULSIVE
34
Pleasure principle
Wants whatever feels good
Not concerned with society’s rules or rights of others
Sexual and aggressive impulses
35
Superego
Our conscience
Operates on the idealistic principle
Personality dominated by superego is restrained and over controlled
36
Ego
Mediator between id and superego
Operates on reality principle
Ego is balanced, being logical and rational
37
Defence mechanisms
Unconscious response of the ego used to ward off anxiety about the demands of id
38
Ego defences
```
Projection
Displacement
Regression
Reaction formation
Rationalization
Simblimation
Repression
```
39
Projection
Attributing ones own feelings to another
40
Displacement
Moving the target of one’s urges to a substitue
41
Regression
Reverting to behaviours we used at earlier age
42
Reaction formation
Acting the opposite of how we feel
43
Rationalization
Making up an excuse to feel better
44
Sublimation
Seeking a socially acceptable outlet for one’s urges
45
Repression
Keep troubling thoughts from becoming conscious
46
Object relations theory
Personally Is understood as reflecting our mental images of significant people
Examples: Thinking of parents
47
Objective methods are
Standardized
Person must pick a response from options provided
Scoring is objective
48
Self report
Asking yourself questions
49
Advantage of self report
```
Simple
Easy
Cost effective
Fast
Low burden
Validity is good
```
50
Disadvantages of self report
Person may answer to others peoples likings
They may self enhance
Reference group
51
Informant test
Observer (friends family) completes personality test about person
52
Pros of informant test
They will answer as truthfully as possible
53
Cons of informant report
Informant is still close to target so they’ll bias the test due to their liking
54
Projective methods are
Based on premise that personality is shaped by conscious forces
Test taker projects unconscious personality onto ambiguous stimuli
No define response scale
Test scores must be interpreted
55
Hermann Rorschach
Created the Rorschach test
56
Thematic apperception task (TAT)
A person is shown an ambiguous picture and ask to tel story about it
57
Implicit methods are based on
Social / learning and cognitive approaches
Test associations between concepts
Example: if I like pineapple I should be quicker to pairing then the second
58
Behavioural methods are
Direct observations of things people do
59
Examples of behavioural methods
Videotaping social interactions to determine levels of extraversion
Random recording devices
60
Pros of behavioural method
Natural environment, real behavior
Less subject to respond bias
61
Cons to behavioural method
May be invasive
Take a lot of time and effort
Must be rated or scored
Often a snapshot of a moment
62
The lexical hypothesis
States that language captures the key ways of differentiating or describing people
63
Factor analysis
Used to identify which words that go together (Social, extroverted, and gregarious)
64
Assumptions of the trait perspective
Traits are more stable over time
Traits are stable over situations
Traits can be shown how we are different / alike
65
Acronym for the personality profile
O.C.E.A.N
66
Openness to new experiences
Personality trait that reflects a persons tendency to seek out and appreciate new things, like thoughts, feelings, and experiences
67
Consciousness
Control of impulses, self control, ability to resist temptation
68
Extraversion
Characterized by degree of socialbility and outgoing ness
69
Agreeableness
Personality trait that reflects a persons tendency to be compassionate, cooperative, warm, and caring
70
Neuroticism
Proneness to experience negative emotional states and emotional reactivity
71
Extraversion and the normal distribution
Traits are continuous
Follow a relatively normal distribution
Most people are moderate but
72
Why are some personality traits important
1) they have consequences (they can predict)
| 2) personality traits are useful in business, healthcare, etc
73
Study separate piece of paper
Don’t skip me!! Do this!!
74
4 active coping strategies
Confronting coping
Seeking social support
Planful problem solving
Positive reappraisal
75
Confrontive coping
You take actions and confront the problem
76
Seeking social support
You seek informational and emotional support
77
Planful problem solving
You make a plan to solve the problem
78
Positive reappraisel
You try to create a positive meaning and focus on personal growth
79
4 passive coping strategies
Distancing
Self controlling
Accepting responsibility
Escape avoidance
80
Distancing
You expect the problem to solve itself
81
Self controlling
You make efforts to regulate feelings and actions
82
Accepting responsibility
You accept your own role in the problem
83
Escape avoidance
You try to avoid the problem by wishful thinking and behavioural efforts
84
Extraversion linked to
Reward
85
Neuroticism linked to
Avoidance system
86
Walter mischel proposed
Personality traits were illusory
Difficult to predict what someone would do in specific situation
87
What’s unique about the social cognitive approach
Emphasis on conscious thought
Derives from learning research
Recognizes both person and situation matters
88
Key points of social cognitive theory
How you think about things matter
We can think about things differently from others
Personal constructs are important
Your construal of the world and situations explain why you feel, think and behave the way you do
89
Trait
Emphasis on description
Self report meaningful
Emphasis on everyday people
Fundemental unit of the trait
90
Social cognitive
Emphasis on conscious awareness
| Beliefs, expectations, and goals are important
91
Chronic stressor
Source of stress that occurs continuously or repeatedly
92
Stress
Physical and psychological response to internal or external stressors
93
General adaption syndrome
3 stage psychological stress response that appears regardless of the stressor encountered
94
General adaption syndrome stages
Alarm phase
Resistance phase
Exhaustion phase
95
Alarm phase
Body rapidly mobilizes it’s resources
Equivalent to fight or flight
96
Resistance phase
Body tries to cope with stressor
Body shuts down unnecessary processes (digestion, growth)
97
Exhaustion phase
Body’s resistance collapses
Many of the resistant defences cause damage to body
98
Type B personality
More calm
Less aggressive
99
Immune system response
Those less stressed fight off sickness faster or don’t get sick at all
100
Repressive coping
Avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining a fake state of positivity
101
Rational coping
Sublimation
102
Biofeedback
The use of an external monitoring device to obtain information about a bodily function and possibly gain control over that function
103
Social support
Aid gained through interacting with others
104
Control
Feeing a sense of control can help lower stress
105
Personality traits
Different behaviors shown in across individuals, which tend to characterize the person across situations
106
continuous distribution
Characteristics can go from low to high. Traits are on a spectrum and one can not simply have that trait, but have amounts of it
107
Five factor model
Summarized by 5 traits to personality
108
eysenck's personality factors
Believed extraversion and neuroticism is most important
Combining peoples standings on those two traits could account for many differences in personality
109
Active coping strategies
Confrontive coping
Seeking social support
planful problem solving
Positive reappraisal
110
Confrontive coping (ACTIVE)
You take action and confront the problem
111
Seeking social support (ACTIVE)
You seek informational and emotional support
112
Planful problem solving (ACTIVE)
you make plans to solve the problem
113
positive reappraisal (ACTIVE)
you try to create a positive meaning and focus on personal growth
114
Passive coping strategies
Distancing
Self controlling
Accepting responsibility
Escape-avoidance
115
Distancing (Passive)
you expect that the problem solves itself
116
Self-controlling (Passive)
You make efforts to regulate feelings and actions
117
Accepting responsibility (Passive)
you accept your own role in the problem
118
Escape avoidance
You try to avoid the problem by wishful thinking and behavioural efforts
119
Personality --> Stressor
tests exposure to stress
120
Stressor --> Outcome
tests reaction to stress
121
Do people high in neuroticism experience more stress?
Yes
122
Those high in N do more:
Planful problem solving
self controlling
social support
and escape avoidance
123
Do people higher in Neuroticism react more negatively to stress?
Yes
124
Those high in neuroticism react to stress with more
anger and depression
