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Psychology 121 > Chapter 11: Development > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Development Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental psychology

A

The study of age related physical, intellectual, social, and personal changes over the lifespan

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2
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A

Newborns are ready to go

Nature dictates children’s growth

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3
Q

Arnold Gesell and maturation

A

Infants growth occurs in a fixed sequence independent of environment

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4
Q

John Locke

A

Newborn = tabula

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5
Q

Tabula

A

Blank slate

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6
Q

All people achieve the same milestones of physical development, given that ___________________________

A

basic nurture needs are met

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7
Q

Infants are born with a full quote of Brian cells, but ____________________

A

Connections between cells are not fully developed

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8
Q

Jean Piaget first comprehensive theory of ________

A

Cognitive development

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9
Q

Cognitive development

A

Development of thought

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10
Q

Thinking develops in a _________

A

Fixed sequence

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11
Q

A child is not miniature adult with a smaller ______ of adult thinking

A

Quantity

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12
Q

Children are active thinkers _______

A

Trynna make sense of this world

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13
Q

Schemas

A

Mental modes of the world used to guide and interpret experiences

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14
Q

Schematas May include

A

Behaviours, mental symbols, mental activity

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15
Q

Assimilation

A

Infants attempt to fix new objects/ ideas into existing schema

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16
Q

Accommodation

A

New objects/ ideas force change in existing schemas

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17
Q

Study tip:

ASSIMILATION

A

Same old schema

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18
Q

Study tip

ACCOMMODATION

A

Create new schema

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19
Q

4 types of stages

A

Sensorimotor stage
Preoperational stage
Concrete operational stage
Formal operational stage

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20
Q

Sensorimotor stage age

A

Birth to 2 years

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21
Q

Sensorimotor schemas

A

Defined by direct sensory and motor interactions with the world

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22
Q

Sensory

A

Seeing hearing

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23
Q

Motor

A

Grasping, sucking

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24
Q

Sensorimotor object permanence?

A

No!

Hide object, kid stops looking for it
Out of sight, out of mind

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25
Preoperational stage age
Ages 2-6 or 7 years
26
Preoperational object permanence
Yes! Infants know objects exist, when not in plain view
27
Preoperational use of symbols to represent objects
Kids show symbolic representation Words: mommy, daddy, candy
28
Egocentrism
The way something looks to me is the way it looks to everyone else *video with volcano*
29
Preoperational conservation
Children don’t know that properties remain the same if the shape changes *water in tall glass opposed to fat* of cookies
30
Concrete operational stage age
6 or 7 to 11 or 12
31
Concrete operational stage conservation
Yes! Children can use simple logic and perform basic mental operations on real concrete objects
32
Children can’t think scientifically or objectively in this stage
Concrete operational stage
33
Formal operational stage age
11 and up
34
Kids in this stage can engage in hypothetical and abstract ways
Formal operational stage
35
Attachment behavioural system
Motivational system regulating proximity and connection to attachment figure
36
Harry Harlow
Is attachment the result of the caregiver providing: food and nourishment? Or warmth and comfort
37
Monkeys preferred
Warmth and cuddling over food and nourishment
38
The strange situation test
Parent and child in waiting room filled with toys, stranger enters, patent leaves, then comes back
39
Dependant variables from stranger test
How willing is the child to leave parent and play with toys? How upset is child when parent leaves room? How does child react when parent returns from room
40
Secure attachment
Babies cry when parents leave room Great mom or sad happily when back They explore unfamiliar room, returning to parent every periodically
41
Ambivalent / resistant attachment
Refuse to leave parents side and play with toys Cry when parents leave the room Push away parents when return (I’m still mad at you)
42
Avoidant attachment
Not stressed by separation No crying when parent leaves Avoid parents when parent returns
43
Significance of the strange situation test?
Types of attachment correlated with home behaviour
44
Secure attachment associated with responsive parents mean
Nature vs nurture, about nuture
45
Non secure patterns associated with lower responsive parental rejecting styles
Bad parents!
46
Adult attachment
Romantic relationships effect adults
47
Empirical methods
Approaches to inquiry that are ties to actual measurement and observation Example: doing a lab, rather than trusting thunder
48
Hypotheses
A logical idea that can be tested
49
Theories
Groups of closely related observations
50
Systematic observation
Carefully observing the world to better understand it
51
Ethics
Guidelines to protect participants from harm and steer scientist away from situations that may ruin their testing
52
Cognitive development (what is it)
Refers to the development of thinking across the lifespan
53
Cognitive development (who studied it?)
Jean Piaget
54
Nature
The genes we receive from parents
55
Nurture
Refers to environments, that influence our development
56
The nature vs nurture debate
We need both nature and nurture or else there would be no child
57
Continuous development
Kids gradually learn day by day and further their knowledge
58
Discontinuous knowledge
Kids hit certain levels or stages where that info is attained (level up)
59
Piaget’s theory
Development occurs through a sequence of discontinuous stages. Ex sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, and formal
60
Qualitative changes
Large changes, going from one stage to another (caterpillar to bitterly)
61
Quantitative changes
Gradual changes, a tree growing
62
Sociocultural theory
How culture Influenves children’s development
63
Attachment behavioural system
A motivational system selected over the course of evolution to maintain proximity between a young child and his or her primary attachment figure
64
Attachment behaviours
Behaviours and signals that attract the attention of a primary attachment figure and function to prevent separation from that individual or to reestablish proximity to that individual
65
Attachment figure
A babies mother. A secure base for an individual
66
Attachment patterns
Indiciduals differences in how securely vs insecurly people think, feel, and behave in attachment relationships
67
Teratogens
Drugs and viruses that damage process of development
68
Motor development
Emergence of the ability to execute physical actions such a reaching, grasping, crawling, and walking
69
Reflexes
Specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by sensory stimulation
70
Cephalocaudel rule
Top to bottom: motor skills develop from head to toes
71
Proximodistal rule
Inside to outside rule: motor skills develop from center to the periphery
72
Theory of mind
The understanding that other people’s mental representations guide their behaviour
73
3 changes in kids when thinking “right from wrong”
Realism to relativism Prescription to principles Outcomes to intentions
74
Realism
Wrong is an objective truth
75
Relativism
Wrong is a human construct
76
Prescription
What to do in a specific situation (school vs home acting)
77
Principle
Applicable across situations (always should act like this)
78
Outcomes
Determined wrongness (was the bump on purpose or by accident)
79
Intentions
Determine wrongness (hitting someone on purpose)
80
Kohbergs stages of moral development
Preconventional Conventional Postconventional
81
Preconventional
Moral reasoning not yet back on society’s rules Based on the outcome of the action (will I get punished)
82
Conventional
Moral reasoning based on rules of society Do they distrust social order?
83
Postconventional
Reasoning based on abstract principles Follow patterns for justice, equality and respect for human life
84
Disorganized attachment
Show no consistent pattern of response is parents leaves or returns
85
Temperaments
Characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity
86
Infants biological temperament determines their
Attachment style
87
Internal working mode of relationships
A set of beliefs about the self, the primary caregiver, and the relationship between them

Psychology 121 (6 decks)

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