Chapter 14.1 Flashcards
Where and when did the “spiritual revival,” of the church’s reforms begin?
The monastery at Cluny, 910
What was the goal of the reforms?
To return the basic principals and values to the christian religion
What was the period of church reform called?
The age of faith
What were the main problems the church faced?
Priests were uneducated
Priests were getting married and having children
Simony was being practiced
Lay investiture was being practiced
What was simony?
The act of bishops selling church positions
What was lay investiture?
Secular powers such as kings appointing church positions
Who were the 2 main popes that led the religious reforms?
Pope Leo IX
Pope Gregory VII
What was done to increase the power of the pope and to enforce canon law?
The church was redesigned to look like a kingdom and the pope gained the Curia. Taxes called tithes were implemented. Also diplomats were sent across the christendom.
What was the curia?
The curia were the pope’s advisors and they served as a court for people brought to trial that were accused of breaking canon law.
What was a tithe?
A tax that every christian had to pay, it was 1/10 of their yearly income and it went towards social services such as hospitals.
What was a friar?
Friars were just like monks but they did no isolate themselves from the outside world in monasteries, they preached to the poor. Friars commonly owned nothing and lived off whatever they received when begging.
What vows did a monk/friar take?
Chastity, Poverty, Obedience
What were some of the names of friar groups and their founders?
Dominicans, founded by Dominic, emphasized education
Franciscans, founded by Francis of Assisi, treated all living beings like spiritual brothers and sisters
Benedictines, Hildegard of Bingen, lived in poverty and helped the poor and sick.
What limitation did women have during the spiritual revival that men were allowed to do?
Women were not allowed to travel from place to place as preachers.
What was the name of the Franciscan order for women?
The Poor Clares
What was a cathedral built for?
To represent “The City of God,” to show off the church’s power and wealth. Cathedrals were also built to draw citizens back into organized city life after the end of manor life in the country.
What styles of architecture were used to build cathedrals?
Romanesque, then Gothic during the age of faith
How was the first crusade initiated?
The Byzantine emperor sent a letter to Robert, Count of Flanders informing him of an intimate attack on his capital of Constantinople. Pope Urban II read the letter and shortly afterwards called for the first crusade?
What was the goal of the crusades?
To regain control of Jerusalem, the holy land. To occupy knights that were fighting against each other.
What were motivating factors for one to join a crusade?
Promised a spot in heaven, adventure, wealth or a placer in society
What was the result of the first crusade?
650 miles of land were captured near jerusalem, control was not fully accomplished. This area was split into 4 feudal crusader states.
What caused the crusades to fail?
Lack of leadership, lack of skilled soldiers, lack of food, lack of knowledge of terrain and climate and a lack of supplies.
Who was the brilliant Muslim/Kurdish leader that fought against the Christians during the first few crusades?
Saladin
Who was the christians leader that fought against the Muslims during the third crusade?
Richard the Lion-Hearted, Philip and Barbarossa
