chapter 15 Flashcards
1
Q
Temporal lobe includes the
A
neocortex, limbic cortex, and olfactory cortex
2
Q
Subcortical structures of the temporal lobe include the
A
amygdala and hippocampus
3
Q
Temporal lobe is connected to
A
other regions throughout the brain
4
Q
Rough subdivisions of the lateral surface include
A
auditory areas and areas associated with the ventral visual stream
5
Q
Olfactory (pyriform) cortex is found on the
A
medial surface
6
Q
Temporal–parietal junction is involved in
A
attention, memory, and decision making in a social context
7
Q
Deep sulci increase the
A
surface area of the temporal lobe
8
Q
Insula, deep within the Sylvian (lateral) fissure, includes the
A
gustatory cortex
9
Q
Superior temporal sulcus contains
A
multimodal association areas
10
Q
Sensory systems project to the
A
temporal lobe
11
Q
Output from the temporal lobe goes to the
A
frontal and parietal lobes as well as the limbic system and basal ganglia
12
Q
Hierarchical visual and auditory pathways used for
A
object recognition
13
Q
Dorsal auditory pathway directs
A
movements in response to auditory information
14
Q
Polymodal visual and auditory pathway supports
A
object categorization in the superior temporal sulcus
15
Q
Visual and auditory information projects to the
A
medial temporal lobe to support long-term memory
16
Q
Pathways to the frontal lobe are important for
A
motor control and short-term memory
17
Q
Olfactory bulb projections to the pyriform cortex are important for
A
odor perception and memory
18
Q
Ventral stream was initially understood as a
A
visual pathway, but newer research suggests there are at least six components
19
Q
Projections from occipitotemporal pathway project to
A
striatum to support skill learning
20
Q
Pathway from inferotemporal cortex to amygdala supports the
A
processing of emotional stimuli
21
Q
Pathway from inferotemporal cortex to ventral striatum provides information about
A
stimulus valence
22
Q
Multiple pathways from area TE project to the medial temporal lobe, orbitofrontal cortex, and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; are involved in
A
long-term memory, object–reward pairings, and working memory
23
Q
Temporal lobe analyzes sensory information as it enters the nervous system (4)
A
Processes auditory input
Recognizes visual objects
Stores long-term memories
Processes olfactory input
24
Q
temporal lobe quickly
A
categorizing objects is important for accurate perception and memory
25
Damage to temporal lobe results in deficits in
identifying and categorizing stimuli
26
Cross-modal matching enables the integration of
visual and auditory information and likely involves the superior temporal sulcus
27
Olfactory information is processed in the
temporal lobe and added to perception of the stimulus
28
Sensory input is combined and stored by the
structures of the medial temporal lobe
29
The affective response is the
subjective feeling about the stimulus
30
Affective response involves the
amygdala in the medial temporal lobe
31
Associates the stimulus with positive
neutral, or negative consequences
32
Following damage to the amygdala, animals do not have an
emotional response to threatening stimuli
33
Hippocampus contains place cells to encode
location in space and support navigation
34
Superior Temporal Sulcus
detects biological motion, which is movement of relevance to the species
35
Understanding the intentions of others is an important part of
social cognition, which depends on multimodal integration in the STS
36
Body motion, facial movements, and voice cues enable us to
recognize people from a safe distance and enable us to infer the intentions of others
37
Cells in STS are sensitive to
mouth movements and vocal characteristics
38
Other cells are responsive to
body motion in a particular direction or to particular facial expressions
39
When studying brain activity associated with complex visual scenes from movies, multiple subjects showed similar patterns of activity in
auditory and visual regions of the temporal lobe
40
Different types of scenes from the movie, such as close-ups of faces versus landscape scenes, activated
different parts of the brain
41
Within the frontal and parietal lobes, there was little
similarity in patterns of brain activity between subjects
42
Cells in different regions of the temporal lobe learn to
to respond to different categories of stimuli based on experience
43
Activity in TE depends on
complex combinations of features, including orientation, size, color, and texture
44
Objects activate different combinations of cells based on the
overall features they possess
45
The similar pattern of overall activity, despite small changes in the individual objects, may be the basis for
categorization
46
Experience and training alter
the response patterns of TE neurons
47
Neurons in the temporal lobe form
cortical columns that respond to categories and shapes
48
In monkeys, some cells in the temporal lobe respond selectively to
facial identity, and others respond selectively to facial expression
49
Recognition of pictures is impaired if they are presented
inverted, but the recognition of faces shows greater impairment, suggesting there is a selective ability to recognize upright faces
50
There are specific cortical regions within the occipital and temporal lobes involved in
recognizing upright faces
51
Lesions to the right temporal lobe have a greater impact on the ability to process
faces than do lesions to the left temporal lobe
52
Multiple tonotopic maps exist in the
temporal lobe, but the nature and function of these maps is not well understood
53
Speech sounds are largely restricted to specific
ranges of frequency, known as formants
54
Vowels tend to have a constant
frequency
55
Consonants tend to change
frequency rapidly
56
The spectrogram of the speech sounds varies depending on the context, but
the sounds are still perceived as the same by the listener
57
Speech sounds change very rapidly but are
are still perceived without difficulty
58
Nonlinguistic sounds are perceived as a
a buzz if presented above five segments per second
59
Typical speech occurs at
8–10 segments per second
60
Maximum comprehensible speech is about
30 segments per second
61
Perceived speech is processed in
in parallel pathways to extract meaning and to plan articulatory movements
62
Syntax is the
rules of grammar, and semantics refers to the meaning of words
63
Language can be any form of
information exchange, including written language, Braille, and sign language
64
Receptive language is
taking in and comprehending information
65
Expressive language
the ability to produce language
66
While language is based on individual sound elements, music perception requires
the interaction of multiple elements and the relationship between them
67
Loudness is
subjective magnitude of the sound
68
Timbre refers to the
distinct qualities or complexities of the sound
69
Pitch describes the
subjective position of the sound on the musical scale and is related to frequency
70
The fundamental frequency is the
lowest frequency of a note
71
Overtones are
higher frequencies included in the sound, and are generally multiples of the fundamental frequency
72
Even when the fundamental frequency is filtered out, the auditory system can still
identify it based on the overtones
73
Rhythm (timing) is important for
music perception, including the duration of the individual tones and the temporal regularity of the music (meter)
74
Left temporal lobe is predominant for
temporal grouping for rhythm
75
Right temporal lobe is predominant for
perceiving meter
76
Experience can change how
music is represented in the brain
77
The brains of musicians are more
responsive to musical information
78
The brains of musicians have a greater volume of
of gray matter in Heschl’s gyrus
79
Increases in gray matter are correlated with
musical ability
80
There are music-related structural differences in brain regions outside the temporal lobe, including in
Broca’s area of the frontal lobe
81
Areas associated with the language network are also active during
musical tasks
82
The posterior portion of the pyriform cortex is contained within the
temporal lobe
83
Most olfactory studies have been conducted in
rodents
84
Posterior pyriform cortex connects with the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices and the amygdala,
connecting olfactory sensations to memory and emotion
85
Extensive connections between entorhinal cortex and medial temporal lobe structures support
memory
86
Synchronous activity in the hippocampus and multiple cortical regions seems to be important for the
convergences of the networks
87
Temporal-lobe language networks involve the
left inferior temporal gyrus, left supplementary motor area, left thalamus, and left posterior temporal cortex
88
Face perception involves the
inferior occipital cortex and the fusiform gyrus
89
Damage to primary auditory cortex impairs the ability to
discriminate rapidly presented and complex patterns of stimuli
90
Patients with temporal lobe damage have difficulty discriminating
speech, reporting that people are talking too quickly
91
Control subjects can identify which of two sounds comes first when they are separated by
50–60 milliseconds
92
Patients with temporal-lobe damage need up to
500 milliseconds between sounds to correctly identify which occurred first
93
Damage to Wernicke’s area produces
aphasia
94
Patients with damage to the right temporal lobe are impaired discriminating between sounds of
different pitch
95
Difficulty discriminating between rhythms is associated with damage to the
right posterior superior temporal gyrus
96
Difficulty discriminating between musical pieces with different meters is associated with damage to the
anterior temporal lobe on either side
97
About 4% of the population has congenital amusica, meaning
meaning they are tone deaf, and this cannot be remedied by music training
98
Patients with damage to the right temporal lobe can describe a visual scene accurately, but they fail to
notice things that are out of place, such as an oil painting in a monkey’s cage
99
Patients with damage to the right temporal lobe are impaired at discriminating
complex patterns
100
Patients with damage to the right temporal lobe fail to perceive or understand
subtle social cues
101
When multiple stimuli are presented simultaneously, the brain determines which stimulus to
attend to
102
For auditory stimuli, attention can be focused on the
left or the right ear
103
For visual stimuli, attention can be focused on the
left or the right visual field
104
Patients with temporal-lobe damage are impaired shifting
attention from one stimulus to another
105
Damage to the right temporal lobe results in
bilateral deficits in attention shifting
106
Damage to the left temporal lobe results in
unilateral deficits in attention shifting
107
Damage to the left temporal lobe results in impairments in
categorization
108
Temporal-lobe seizures are often associated with
olfactory auras
109
Temporal-lobe epilepsy and surgical damage to the temporal lobe to prevent seizures result in
impaired perception of odors and memory for odors
110
Context is important to understanding the
meaning of a stimulus
111
Similarly, context can be important for identifying a
person, and, if you see them in a different context, you may not recognize them
112
Damage to the right temporal cortex impairs the ability of people to
interpret information from context
113
Removal of the medial temporal lobe, including the hippocampus and adjacent cortex, resulted in
anterograde amnesia, or the inability to form new memories
114
Damage to the inferotemporal cortex interferes with
conscious recall of information, and greater damage is associated with greater impairment
115
Damage to the left hemisphere of inferotemporal cortex results in
impairments for verbal material
116
Damage to the right hemisphere
of inferotemporal cortex results in
impairments for nonverbal material
117
Stimulation of medial temporal cortex produces feelings of
fear
118
Temporal-lobe epilepsy is associated with
personality changes that emphasize trivia and details in daily life
119
Personality changes occur after damage to either lobe, but are more common after damage to the
right hemisphere
120
Bilateral damage to the amygdala results in
increased sexual behaviors
121
Dichotic listening and Visual Object and Space Perception Battery assess
auditory and visual processing
122
Weschler Memory Scale assess
general verbal memory using multiple subtests
123
Rey Complex Figure Test evaluates
nonverbal memory by asking subjects to remember to reproduce a complex figure
124
Token Test assesses
language comprehension, but cannot narrow down the region of deficit within the left hemisphere
