Chapter 3 & 7 Flashcards
1
Q
Ipsilateral
A
structures that are on the same side of the body
2
Q
Contralateral
A
Structures on opposite sides of the body
3
Q
Proximal
A
Structures that are close together – towards the midline
4
Q
Distal
A
Structures that are far apart – towards the outside
5
Q
Afferent
A
Movement toward the central nervous system – sensory neurons
6
Q
Efferent
A
Movement away from the central nervous system – effect muscles – effectors
7
Q
Central nervous system
A
brain and spinal chord
8
Q
protection of the CNS
A
bone, meninges
9
Q
Peripheral nervous system
A
projects out of the body
10
Q
divisions of the PNS
A
somatic NS, Peripheral NS
11
Q
Somatic nervous system
A
provides interaction with the external world
12
Q
Autonomic nervous system division
A
Sympathetic, parasympathetic
13
Q
Sympathetic nervous system
A
branch influences fight-or-flight response
14
Q
Parasympathetic branch
A
exerts a calming influence on the body
15
Q
Meninges (DAP)
A
Dura-matter, arachnoid matter, Pia matter
16
Q
Dura matter
A
tough outer covering
17
Q
Arachnoid matter
A
weblike structure that connects inner and outer layers
18
Q
pia matter
A
tough inner layer that adheres to the surface of the brain
19
Q
cerebral spinal fluid
A
fills the spaces in and around the meninges to absorb shocks and carry away waste
20
Q
blood-brain barrier
A
provides chemical protection
21
Q
how is the blood-brain barrier formed
A
Formed by astroglia holding the cells of the blood vessels tightly together
22
Q
stroke
A
an interruption of that blood supply, either because the artery becomes blocked or because the artery bursts
23
Q
anterior cerebral artery
A
irrigates the medial and dorsal parts of the cortex
24
Q
middle cerebral artery
A
irrigates the lateral surface of the cortex
25
Posterior cerebral artery
irrigates its ventral and posterior surfaces
26
neurons and Glia (SPBS)
stem -> progenitor -> blast -> specialized
27
stem cell
self renewal
28
Progenitor
Progenitor produced
29
Blast
Neuroblast & glioblast produced
30
Specialized cells
interneuron, projecting neuron, oligodendroglia, astrocyte
31
3 basic types of neurons
sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons
32
sensory neurons
Transduce information from the environment
33
bipolar neuron - what type of neuron
sensory - cell body with one dendrite and one axon – found in the retina
34
Somatosensory neuron
sensory neuron has only one projection from the soma – from the sensory receptor to the spinal chord
35
something special about somatoscensory neruron
Dendrite and axon are connected speeding up information conduction as it does not have to pass through the cell body
36
Interneurons
Connect sensory and motor neurons within the CNS
37
Motor neurons
Found in the brainstem and spinal cord
38
what is called the final common path?
motor neurons
39
3 types of interneurons
stellate cells, pyramidal cells, Purkinje cells
40
2 types of somatosensory cells
bipolar neuron, somatosensory neuron
41
afferent neurons
bring information in
42
efferent neurons
send information out
43
Pyrimidal and Purkinje cells are the
output cells of their respective structures
44
5 type of glia
ependymal cell, astrocyte, microglia cell, oliodendroglial cell, scheann cell
45
Ependymal cell
small, ovoid; secreats cerebralspinal fluid, lines the brains ventricles
46
astrocyte
start shaped, nutritive and supportive function - connection with the blood brain barrier
47
microglia
small, defensive function
48
oligodendroglial cell
asymetrical, forms insulating myelin around axons and brain and spinal chord
49
schwann cell
asymetrical, wraps around peripheral nerves to form insulating myelin
50
gray matter
contains the cell bodies and capillaries that supply them with blood
51
where is gray matter in the brain
outter part of the cortex
52
White matter
the myelinated axons that connect with other parts of the brain
53
where is white matter in the brain
underneath the cortex
54
reticular matter
has a netlike appearance that is a mix of gray and white matter - contains cell bodies and axons
55
where is reticular matter found ?
in the brains stem
56
nervous system develops from three enlargements
Prosencephalon, mesensephalon, rhombensephalon
57
Prosencephalon - front brain
devides to form telencephalon, diencephalon
58
prosencephalon is responcible for which sense?
olfaction
59
telencepahlon comes from and forms what
prosencephalon and is what forms the cortex
60
Diencephalon comes from what and forms what?
prosencephalon and forms the thalamus and hypothalamus
61
mesencepahlon - middle brain - is responcible for which senses
vison and hearing
62
mesencephalon becomes
the midbrain
63
Rhombencephalon - hind brain is responcible for which senses
movement and balance
64
spinal cord is concidered part of
the hindbrain
65
Rhombencephalon forms what subsections?
metencephalon, myelencephalon
66
metencephalon come from what? and forms what?
Rhombencephalon, forms pons and medulla
67
Myelencephalon comes from what and forms what?
comes from the rhombencephalon and forms medulla oblongata
68
telencephalon - forebrain
neocortex, basil ganglia, limbic system, olfactory bulb, lateral ventricles
69
diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal body, third ventricle
70
mesencephalon
tectum, tegmentum, cerebral aqueduct
71
metencephalon
cerebellum, pons, fourth ventricle
72
myelencephalon
medulla oblongata, fourth ventricle
73
Diencephalon, mesencephalon, meyelencephalon create what
brainstem
74
forebrain responcible for
high level cognition
75
brainstem responcible for
regulatory function
76
spinal cord responcible for
reflexive motor behavior
77
lateral ventricles are contained in the
Telencephalon
78
1st and 2nd ventricles from
form c shaped lakes underlying the cerebral cortex
79
third ventricle
the midline of the brain
80
fourth ventricle
between the cerebellum and brainstem
81
cerebral aqueduct
canal the runs down the length of the spinal cord connects the third and fourth ventricles
82
CSF flow
from the lateral ventricles out through the fourth ventricle to drain into the circulatory system at the base of the brainstem
83
spinal cord gray matter white matter
gray matter inside, white matter outside
84
anterior root
efferent fibers - Nerve roots branch from the cord to carry motor commands to the body
85
posterior root
- afferent nerves conduct sensory information into central nervus system
86
puppy experiment Cut dorsal (posterior in humans)
caused loss of sensation
87
Cur ventral (anterior in humans)
caused loss of movement
88
Bell Magendie law
dorsal/posterior root are sensory ventral or anterior root is for motor
89
Pain and temperature fibers are
smaller
90
Touch and muscle fibers are
larger
91
Flexion reflexes
bring the limb inward toward the body
92
Extension reflexes
stimulation of fine touch and muscle receptors extend the limb forward away from the body
93
12 cranial nerves On old Olympus’s towering top, a fin and a German view some hops
Olfactory, optic, ocularmotor, troclear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibularchoclear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypogloseal
94
olfactory nerve
sensory, sense of smell
95
Optic nerve
sensory, vison
96
Occularmotor nerve motor
movement of eyelids and eyeballs
97
oculomotor nerve parasympathetic
pupil constriction
98
trochlear nerve
motor, movement of eyeball
99
trigeminal nerve - sensory
sensation of face, scalp, corneas, nasal, oral cavity
100
trigeminal nerve motor
chewing
101
abducens nerve
motor, movement of eyeball
102
facial nerve - sensory
taste
103
Facial nerve - motor
facial expression
104
facial nerve - parasympathetic
secretion of tears and saliva
105
vestibularchoclear nerve
sensory, hearing and balance
106
glossopharyngeal nerve - motor
swallowing and speech
107
glossopharyngeal nerve - sensory
taste and sensation on the back of tongue
108
glossopharyngeal nerve - parasympathetic
secretion of saliva
109
Vagus nerve - sensory
taste and sensation of epiglottis, and pharynx
110
Vagus nerve - motor
swallowing and speech
111
Vagus nerve - parasympathetic
muscle contraction ot thorasic and abdominal organs and secretion of digestive fluids
112
accessory nerve - motor
head and shoulder movement
113
hypoglossal nerve - motor
movement of tongue and muscles
114
hindbrain parts
cerebellum, pons, medulla,
115
cerebellum
important for motor control and sensory integration
116
pons
connects cerebellum with the rest of the brain
117
medulla
regulates functions such as breathing and heart rate
118
Reticular formation function is to control
sleeping and walking and to maintain general arousal or consciousness
119
Tectum
roof of the third ventricle
120
Tegmentum
floor of the third ventricle
121
Tectum
superior colliculi, inferior colliculi
122
superior colliculi
relay visual information
123
Inferior colliculi
relay auditory information
124
Tegmentum
substantia nigra, forebrain, red nucleus
125
substantia nigra
connects to the forebrain primarily the basil ganglia important for movement, projections to the forebrain
126
forebrain
reward and habits
127
red nucleus
controls limb movement and coordination for walking
128
diencephalon
hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus
129
hypothalamus
Produces and releases many hormones that influence the entire body – endocrine
130
Thalamus
relay center
131
Epithalamus
pineal gland, habenula
132
pineal gland
melatonin
133
habenula
regulates some aspects of hunger and thirst
134
Magnocellular
info about movement
135
Parvocellular
fine texture, grain, color information
136
telencephalon
neocortex, basil ganglia, limbic system
137
basil ganglia
for motor control and motor learning
138
Limbic system
is important for spatial and emotional functions
139
Basil ganglia
Putamen, caudate nucleus, Globus pallidus
140
3 main functions of the basil ganglia
Connect sensory regions of the cortex to motor regions of the cortex, Regulate movement so it is fluid, Are involved in associative learning
141
Huntingtons disease
excessive movement – basil ganglia die
142
Tourettes
loss or neurons
143
Parkinson disease
loss of movement – loss of connections into and out of the basil ganglia especially the substania niagra of the midbrain
144
reptilian brain
limbic system
145
limbic system structures
amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex
146
amygdala - base of temporal lobe
Important in emotion and understanding emotion in others
147
Hippocampus anterior medial region of the temporal lobe
Important in personal memories and navigation
148
Cingulate cortex just above the corpus collosum along the medial walls of the cerebral hemispheres
Involved in decision making and executive functions – sexual behavior
149
neocortex divided into 2 hemispheres by
longitudinal fissure
150
four lobes of the neocortex
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
151
frontal anatomy
bounded posteriorly by the central sulcus inferiorly by the lateral fissure medially by the cingulate sulcus
152
parietal lobe anatomy
anterior boundary of the parietal lobe, inferior boundary is the lateral fissure
153
temporal lobe anatomy
bounded dorsally by the lateral fissure
154
Occipital lobe anatomy
on the lateral surface of the brain no definite boundaries separate the occipital lobes from the parietal and temporal lobes
155
cleft is called a fissure
deep enough into the brain to indent the ventricles
156
sulci
shallow ridge
157
Cingulate gyri
spans the inner surface of all four neocortical lobes
158
Cells in a functional area that have many connections fold toward eachother producing
gyrus bordered by sulci
159
Primary areas of a cortex
receive projections directly from sensory systems or project directly to muscles
160
Secondary areas of a cortex
located near primary areas and do more elaborate processing of the information
161
Tertiary areas of a cortex
integrate information across senses to coordinate cognitive functions and behaviors
162
Reentrant
each region sends projections back to regions from which it receives connections
163
cellular organization of the cortex
organized into six layers, with layer I on the outer surface and layer VI adjacent to the white matter
164
Outer layers (I, II, III)
receive input from other cortical areas
165
Layer IV
primarily receives input from sensory systems
166
Layers V and VI
send output to other brain areas or to the spinal cord for motor control via axons
167
Columnar Organization of the Neocortex
Columns differ in the types of cells they contain and the thickness of the layers
168
Cortical connections
Long-range connections between cortical areas enable the coordination of high-level behaviors.
169
4 types of projections
Long connections, Relatively short connections, Interhemispheric connections, Connections through the thalamus
170
Long connections
between different lobes
171
Relatively short connections
from one part of a lobe to another
172
Interhemispheric connections
between the two hemisphere
173
thalamic connections
Connections through the thalamus
174
crossed brain
Each hemisphere of the brain typically receives input from and sends output to the contralateral side of the body
175
Decussations
crossings of sensory and motor fibers along the midline of the nervous system
