Chapter 15 Flashcards

Question

Theoretical Approaches: Biology- Biological influences hormones

Answer 1

there are fluctuations in sex linked hormone levels that influence the activation of certain brain and behavioural responses. So the hormones are activating something now. So here the body increases androgen production when there are perceived threats. some researchers see that that that activation of androgen is partially why you would see that gender divide where males are more aggressive than females. So they have higher androgen levels, higher testosterone levels. Organizing influences occur when certain sex-linked hormones affect brain differentiation and organization during prenatal development or at puberty. ---So the organizing influences of hormones is when sex linked hormones affect brain differentiation and organization during prenatal development as well as puberty later on. So this could be things like, like sex differences in like a fetus on like androgens, like on those kinds of sex hormones. There are differences in a fetus and also like, like testosterone, things like that. There are obvious differences in levels between males and females, and that's the organizing kinds of effects. Activating influences occur when fluctuations in sex-linked hormone levels influence the contemporaneous activation of certain brain and behavioural responses ---creating those gender differences

Answer 2

adult male and female brains show some negligible to small average differences in the physical structure of some regions no brain structures are unique to one sex

Answer 3

Self socialization focus on how children learn gender-typed behaviour four pertinent cognitive theories of gender development

Answer 4

individuals use their beliefs, expectations, and preferences to guide how they perceive the world, the actions they choose, and the behaviours they practice. Self-socialization occurs in gender development when children seek to behave in accord with their gender identity as a girl or a boy—or possibly as transgender or nonbinary.

Answer 5

Cognitive developmental theory Gender schema theory Social cognitive theory Social identity theory

Answer 6

Resources and opportunities provided based on group membership the resources and opportunities provided are based on your group membership. this is referring to this concept of opportunity structure.

Answer 7

Identity→ stability→ constancy Gender constancy is indicated when children understand that a person’s gender identity does not typically change over time (gender stability) or across different situations (gender consistency). So with Kohlberg's theory, he saw that children are actually constructing knowledge about gender just in the same way that like when we talked Piaget he said that a child is actively constructing their knowledge of the physical world. Kohlberg is saying the same thing about gender development. So he would say that you're observing and interacting with the world to better understand what your gender is. So he believed that a child's understanding of gender is a three stage process.

Answer 8

just past the age of two, a child acquire what he's referring to as a gender identity. So self categorizing themselves as a girl or a boy or both or other. don't realize that gender is permanent. (doesn't realize that a little boy grow up to be a bigger boy, not a big girl)

Answer 9

around the ages of three and four, a child will now believe that gender remains the same over time. So I'm a girl today, I'm going to be a girl tomorrow, there's that stability. But at this stage, they don't understand that gender is independent of the parents.

Answer 10

gender becoming more consistent with children gender development is done gender is constant regardless of changes in their appearance or behaviour

Answer 11

didn't take nonbinary and transgender kids into account

Answer 12

Gender schema→ ingroups/ outgroups→ own-gender schema child seeks out gender typed behaviour earlier than kohlberg said (within 3 years instead of 6) A child's understanding of their gender will develop through the construction of gender schemas. So this is like memories of interacting with males and females, stereotypes that were like, transmitted to you by your parents or media. Another piece of gender schema theory is ingroups and outgroups. So children, they'll pay more attention to people of their own gender, own gender is ingroup and other gender is outgroup. causes child to develop gender schema gender schema is detailed knowledge about how to be whatever your own gender is. 2 filters when processing info about gender gender schema filter interest filter type of information-processing theory, whereby individuals’ gender schemas guide what they notice, how they interpret information, and what they remember

Answer 13

is this info relevant for my gender?”

Answer 14

“is this info interesting to me?”

Answer 15

theory distinguishes amongst three different modes of learning—with an emphasis on observational learning. learning occurs through tuition, enactive experience, and observation.

Answer 16

direct teaching refers to direct teaching during gender socialization, such as a father showing his son how to throw a baseball, or a mother teaching her daughter how to change a baby’s diaper

Answer 17

occurs when children learn to guide their behaviour based on the feedback that their past behaviour has evoked in others. For instance, girls and boys usually receive positive reactions for behaviours that are gender-typed and negative reactions for behaviours that are cross-gender-typed; in turn, they are likely to use this feedback to regulate their behaviour in relevant situations.

Answer 18

the most common form of learning—occurs through seeing and encoding other people’s behaviour and noticing the positive or negative consequences they experience for their actions. Observational learning of gender-role info, four key processes

Answer 19

1. To learn new information, the child first must pay attention when it occurs 2. store their experience in memory. 3. The next step is known as production, whereby children need to practice (i.e., produce) the behaviour that they observed (assuming that the behaviour is within their capabilities). 4. So with this last piece for motivation, so child is motivated to repeat gender-typed behaviour and this is all dependent on the rewards and punishments that they get. Over time, external sanctions are usually internalized as personal standards and become self-sanctions that motivate and regulate behaviour.

Answer 20

the whole premise behind social identity theory is it focuses on group memberships and how it impacts our social identities. So like how we're presenting ourselves to people, to everybody else. addresses the influence of group membership on people’s self-concepts and behaviour with others. In-group bias in-group assimilation

Answer 21

So here people will have a tendency to view people of their own in-group and those characteristics that they possess to be positive, superior or better than the outgroups. refers to the tendency to evaluate individuals and characteristics associated with the ingroup more positively than (or superior to) those associated with the outgroup.

Answer 22

here we're being socialized to conform to those group norms that are valued, and that's what helps define our belonging to that in-group and helps keep us in that in-group because we're following those social norms that whoever has said we need to follow. individuals increasingly conform to the group’s norms. children tend to become more gender-typed in their preferences as they assimilate into their same-gender peer groups Belonging to a group often leads members to view that group as distinct. ---This tendency leads to a process of between-group contrast whereby the differences between one’s ingroup and other groups are exaggerated In combination, ingroup bias and between-group contrast may lead to prejudiced attitudes towards outgroup members. high-status groups --- groups that are valued more and seen as more powerful

Answer 23

different factors are making up our social identity. This is all part of how we present ourselves to the people around us. And it all affects how we behave in our own little pockets of the world. intersection of multiple identities that affect a person’s experiences—particularly in the contexts of overlapping systems of discrimination or disadvantage related to these identities Sets more nuanced expectations Compounding negative effects

Answer 24

Gender cues to identify others Gender stereotypes (objects/ activities) Gender self-labelling

Answer 25

Gender stereotypes (characteristics) Toy and play preferences Gender segregations ---“Ewww cooties!”

Answer 26

Flexibility in gender stereotypes gender= social construct ---start to show a clearer understanding that gender roles are social conventions as opposed to being fixed to the person’s gender Gender discrimination

Answer 27

Intensification (internalize gender roles as personal values) OR flexibility (reject traditional gender roles) -----Intensification commonly occurs in the context of heterosexual dating when adolescents usually adhere to traditional heterosexual scripts. Increases in harassment/ bullying Increased intimacy in same-gender friendships and self-disclosure (mostly girls do self-disclosure)

Answer 28

refers to the personal importance that individuals place on their own-gender identity.