Chapter 5 Flashcards
stWhat are the visual capabilities of newborns?
Newborns have poor acuity, low contrast sensitivity, and minimal colour vision.
Newborns begin visually scanning the world minutes after birth and prefer strongly contrasted patterns, including faces.
What does the term ‘object segregation’ refer to?
The ability to identify object boundaries.
identification of separate objects om a visual space
True or False: Young infants cannot remember objects that are no longer visible.
False.
What is the auditory localization ability in newborns?
The ability to detect where a sound is coming from.
What is the significance of the preferential-looking technique in infant research?
It infers that if an infant looks longer at one image, they can discriminate between them and prefer one over the other.
two conclusions: infant can tell they are different pictures, infant prefers one picture over the other
What is visual acuity?
The ability to determine how clearly infants can see. Sharpness or clarity of vision
Fill in the blank: By 2 months of age, infants’ colour vision is similar to that of _______.
adults.
What are smooth pursuit eye movements?
Movements where the viewer’s gaze shifts at the same speed and angle as a moving object.
What is perceptual constancy?
The perception of a constant shape and size despite changes in perspective.
What is the violation-of-expectancy method?
A method where infants are surprised by events inconsistent with their knowledge about the world and will pay more attention to impossible events than possible ones
involves showing infants impossible events that should evoke surprise or interest
What is optical expansion in depth perception?
A cue where the visual image of an object increases in size as it approaches.
What is binocular disparity?
The phenomenon where the eyes send different signals to the brain based on the distance of an object.
What is stereopsis?
The visual cortex’s computation of disparity between the eyes’ differing neural signals to produce depth perception.
Define monocular depth cues.
Depth cues that require only one eye, also known as pictorial cues.
What are affordances in the context of infant motor development?
The possibilities for action offered by objects and situations.
the feasible options for action of objects of situation
learning how to move in body and how that impacts them and things/objects around them
(thinking about ways the body and objects move, work, and their limitations)
for example, that small objects—but not large ones—afford the possibility of being picked up
What are pre-reaching movements?
Clumsy swiping in the general vicinity of objects.
What is self-locomotion?
The ability of infants to move around in their environment on their own.
What are scale errors in child development?
Errors where children attempt actions on miniature objects that are too small for their size.
List the seven forms of learning present in infancy.
- Habituation
- Operant/instrumental conditioning
- Observational learning/imitation
- Classical conditioning
- Statistical learning
- Rational learning
- Active learning
What is classical conditioning?
A learning process where an association is formed between a natural stimulus and a neutral stimulus.
What is the ‘Goldilocks effect’ in infant learning?
The preference for patterns that have some variability, avoiding those that are too easy or too hard.
What is instrumental operant conditioning?
Learning the relationship between a behavior and its consequences, typically involving positive reinforcement.
What does observational learning involve?
Learning by watching and imitating the behavior of others.
What is rational learning in infants?
Using prior experience to generate expectations about future events, but will adjust expectations based on what is learned
