Chapter 2 Flashcards

Question

dose response relationship

Answer 1

increased exposure= increase in severity of effects on fetus

Answer 2

when a fetus is most sensitive to the effects of an external factor (ex: if a toxin is introduced during brain development, it may have worse brain effect than if introduced at a different time)

Answer 3

impacts of a factor may not be known for many years, takes a long time to test

Answer 4

antidepressants opioids marijuana cigarette smoking: SIDS and low birth weight Alcohol: FASD Thalidomide

Answer 5

drugs and pollution

Answer 6

sedative for sleep and nausea causes birth defects like shown arms and legs

Answer 7

toxic metals synthetic hormones plastics pesticides and herbicides wildfire smoke and ash: premature, low birth weight, breathing issues

Answer 8

age nutrition disease emotional

Answer 9

Score: 0-2 appearance (blueness) pulse grimace (on stimulation) activity (movement) respiration >= 7 is normal 4-6 is low <= 3 is critical within first 5 minutes of birth to see what immediate care is needed the higher the score, the healthier the baby babies of colour are often given lower scores than white babies because of appearance section

Answer 10

factors that make up our identity: -education -ethnicity -culture -race -class -spirituality -nationality -language -religion -sexuality -age -ability -gender the more risks a person has, the more wobbly their future may be, and the more future problems they may have the more times you're in the minority/ lower status, the more likely you are to experience risks later in your life

Answer 11

prenatal development relies on the continual interplay of biological and environmental factors

Answer 12

the activity of the fetus contributes in numerous vital ways to its development.

Answer 13

There is substantial cultural variation in how pregnancies and the birth process unfold.

Answer 14

despite the dramatic contrast between prenatal and postnatal life, the behaviour of newborns shows clear connections to their experience inside the womb

Answer 15

comes into play throughout prenatal development and early postnatal life.

Answer 16

central to our discussion of how poverty can affect prenatal development and birth outcomes, as well as to our description of intervention programs designed to foster healthy development for preterm infants.

Answer 17

All human fetuses have the potential to develop male or female genitalia (or both) The presence of androgens, a class of hormones that includes testosterone, leads to the development of male genitalia If androgens are absent, female genitalia develop The source of androgens is the male fetus itself, at around 8 weeks after conception

Answer 18

Infants born to teenagers who are 15 years or younger are 3 to 4 times more likely to die before their 1st birthday than are those born to young adults between 23 and 29 These higher pregnancy and mortality rates may be related to social and cultural factors such as pressure to marry young, lack of access to contraceptives, and sexual violence children born to older parents are at heightened risk for developmental disorders such as autism The causal pathways linking each parent to their infants’ developmental outcomes are likely different, since only the pregnant parent contributes to prenatal environments and birth circumstances. The other parent’s contributions may lie more in mutations and other chromosomal abnormalities

Answer 19

pregnant parents who get too little folic acid (a form of B vitamin) are at high risk for having an infant with a neural tube defect such as spina bifida Because malnutrition is more common in low-income families, it often coincides with the host of other risk factors associated with poverty, making it difficult to isolate its effects on prenatal development

Answer 20

effects of maternal stress on birth weight and later antisocial behaviour, in both related and unrelated mother–fetus pairs, suggesting that the prenatal environment, not shared genetics, was the strongest predictor of later outcomes. for measures of child anxiety, the results suggest that postnatal maternal stress, not prenatal maternal stress, was the strongest predictor of later outcomes.

Answer 21

Although most illnesses that occur during a pregnancy have no impact on the fetus, some do

Answer 22

(1) certain personal characteristics, especially intelligence, responsiveness to others, and a sense of being capable of achieving their goals; (2) responsive care from someone. personal traits combined with a supportive environment can help us understand remarkable successes in the face of developmental challenges.

Answer 23

Over time, crying increases, peaking around 6 to 8 weeks of age. Crying behaviour tends to decrease in frequency around 3 to 4 months of age

Answer 24

Approximately 38 weeks after conception, the baby is ready to be born Preterm babies are babies born before 37 weeks macrosomic births are births of very large babies

Answer 25

preterm birth and extended stay in the NICU