chapter 15

Question 1

Spontaneous

Answer 1

occurs under a specific set of conditions

Question 2

Nonspontaneous

Answer 2

does not occur under a specific set of conditions

Question 3

Ice melting at 25 degrees celsius is

Answer 3

spontaneous

Question 4

water freezing at 25 degrees celsius is

Answer 4

nonspontaneous

Question 5

ball rolling downhill is

Answer 5

spontaneous

Question 6

ball rolling uphill from rest is

Answer 6

nonspontaneous

Question 7

rusting of iron is

Answer 7

spontaneous

Question 8

conversion of rust to iron

Answer 8

nonspontaneous

Question 9

Entropy

Answer 9

is a measure of energy dispersal in a system. Greater volume=Greater entropy

Question 10

Standard entropy values are

Answer 10

absolute values

Question 11

the second law of thermodynamics

Answer 11

For any spontaneous process the entropy of the universe increases.

Question 12

the third law of thermodynamics

Answer 12

the entropy of a perfectly crystalline substance at 0 K is zero

Question 13

The standard entropy change for a reaction

Answer 13

is the change in entropy for a process in which all reactants and products are in their standard states.

Question 14

Gibbs free energy

Answer 14

is proportional to the negative of the change in entropy of the universe

Question 15

negative change in G is

Answer 15

a spontaneous reaction

Question 16

positive change in G is

Answer 16

a nonspontaneous reaction

Question 17

Free energy of formation

Answer 17

is the change in free energy when 1 mol of a compound in its standard state forms from its constituent elements in their standard states

Question 18

Entropy in the liquid phase is … than in the solid phase because

Answer 18

greater. because there is greater molecular motion in liquid, allowing atoms to have many different arrangements.

Question 19

Entropy in the gas stage is … than in the liquid phase because

Answer 19

greater. because there is greater molecular motion in a gas, allowing atoms to have many different arrangements due to gas phases occupying much greater volume.

Question 20

For monatomic species (He, Ne, etc) the one with the … molar mass has the greater standard entropy

Answer 20

larger.

Question 21

For two substances in the same phase with similar molar masses how do you know with has the greater standard entropy?

Answer 21

The one with the more complex molecular structure

Question 22

Microstate

Answer 22

refers to a specific arrangement of all particles within a system at a given moment. Ex: the exact position of each individual gas molecule

Question 23

Macrostate

Answer 23

is the overall observable properties of a system. Ex: temp, pressure, volume

Question 24

the more microstates that make up a macrostate…

Answer 24

the more entropy in the macrostate