Freedmen's Bureau
-Reconstruction agency established in 1865 to protect the legal rights of former slaves and to assist with their education, jobs, health care, and landowning
Sharecropping
-type of farm tenancy that developed after the Civil War in which landless workers---often former slaves---farmed land in exchange for farm supplies and a share of crops
Crop-Lien System
-merchants extend credit to tenants based on their future crops, but high interest rates and the uncertainties of farming often led to inescapable debts
Black Codes (1865-1866)
-laws passed in southern states to restrict the rights of former slaves---to nullify the codes, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Fourteenth Amendment
Civil Rights Act of 1866
-along with the 14th amendment, guaranteed the rights of citizenship for former slaves
Fourteenth Amendment 1868
-guaranteed rights of citizenship to former slaves, in words similar to those of the Civil Rights Act of 1866
Fifteenth Amendment
-constitutional Amendment ratified in 1870, which prohibited states from discriminating in voting privileges on the basis of race
Carpetbaggers
-derisive term for northern emigrants who participated in the Republican governments of the Reconstruction South
Scalawags
-Southern white Republicans---some former unionists---who supported Reconstruction governments
Redeemers
-conservative white Democrats, many of them planters or businessmen who reclaimed control of the South following the end of Reconstruction
Black Families
-Once freed, blacks and their families were strengthened and become central to the postemancipation black community
-Former slaves made remarkable efforts to locate loved ones from whom they had been separated under slavery
"Swing around the Circle"
-A speaking tour of the North taken by Andrew Johnson to urge voters to elect members of Congress committed to his own Reconstruction program
"Waving the Bloody Shirt"
-A tactic of Republicans whereby they identified their opponents with secession and treason
Literacy Tests
-A method used to exclude uneducated blacks from voting
Bradwell vs. Illinois
-A decision rebuffing the claim that the written legal code and Constitution gave women equal rights
Enforcement Acts
-Three acts outlawing terrorist societies and allowing the president to use the army against them
Civil Rights Act of 1875
-Outlawed racial discrimination in places of public accommodation like hotels and theaters
Slaughterhouse Cases
-A decision that rejected the claim by butchers that their right to equality before the law had been violated
Bargain of 1877
-In the aftermath of a close presidential election, an Electoral Commission declared Rutherford B. Hayes president contingent a variety of compromises and agreements upon his taking office