Chapter 16 Flashcards Preview

-Company's avoidance of middlemen by producing its own supplies and providing for distribution of its own

-Founded in 1870 by John D. Rockefeller in Cleveland, Ohio

-grew into the nation's first industry dominating trust

-Sherman Anti-trust Act 1890 was enacted in part to combat abuses by standard oil

-law passed in 1887 meant to encourage adoption of white norms among Indians--broke up tribal holdings into small farms for Indian families, with the remainder sold to white purchasers

-Reacting to the US Supreme Court's ruling in Wabash Railroad vs Illinois (1886) Congress established the ICC to curb abuses in the railroad industry by regulating rates

-Application of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection to society

-used the concept of "survival of the fittest" to justify class distinctions and to explain poverty

-decision by Supreme Court overturning a New York law establishing a limit on the number of hours per week bakers could be compelled to work

-"Lochnerism" became a way of describing the liberty of contract jurisprudence, which opposed all governmental intervention in the economy

-founded in 1869, the first national union lasted, under the leadership of Terence V. Powderly, only into the 1890s;  supplanted by the American Federation of Labor

-preached by liberal Protestant clergymen in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

-advocated the application of Christian principles to social problems generated by industrialization

-A wave of strikes and labor protests that touched every part of the nation in 1886

-A standard distance separating the two tracks adopting in 1886 that allowed for the first time trains of one company to travel on another company's track

-In 1883, the major rail companies divided the national into four time zones still in use today

-Opposing viewpoints that industrial leaders were either beneficial for the economy or wielded power without any accountability in an unregulated market

-A lecture given by Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 arguing that the western frontier had forged the distinctive qualities of American culture: individual freedom, political democracy, and economic mobility

-Farms that covered thousands of acres and employed large numbers of agricultural wage workers

-A religious revitalization campaign reminiscent of the pan-Indian movements led by earlier prophets

-Paper money declared to be legal tender printed by the government