Chapter 15: Antimicrobial Drugs

Question 1

Antimicrobial Drugs

Answer 1

therapeutic compounds that kill microbes or inhibit their growth; categorized based on the pathogen they target

Question 2

Alexander Fleming

Answer 2

1928; studied staphylococcus aureus; notived a plate was contaminated with mold; also noted that S. aureus was unable to grow near the mold; fleming determined that the mold excerted a compound that could inhibit the bacteria

Question 3

Broad Spectrum Drugs

Answer 3

effective against both gram negative and positive bacteria

Question 4

Narrow Spectrum Drugs

Answer 4

target a limited range of bacteria; usually preferred because they present less disruption to the normal microbiota

Question 5

Bacteriostatic

Answer 5

prevent bacteria from growing; tend to target bacterial protein synthesis and metabolic pathways

Question 6

Bactericidal

Answer 6

kill bacteria; tend to target bacterial cell walls or cell membranes and nucleic acids

Question 7

A drugs bactericidal or bacteriostatic properties can change based on…

Answer 7

pathogen type, dose, length of drug regimen, pathogen load, route of administration

Question 8

Drawbacks to Bactericidal Drugs

Answer 8

kills normal microbiota; can lead to a spike in bacterial toxin release that can be deadly (LPS)

Question 9

Antibiotics

Answer 9

naturally occuring antimicrobial compounds

Question 10

Synthetic Antimicrobials

Answer 10

manufactured by chemical processes

Question 11

Semisynthetic Antimicrobials

Answer 11

chemical modification of naturally occurring antibiotics

Question 12

First Generation Drugs

Answer 12

drugs taht result from a first round of chemical modification

Question 13

Second Generation Drugs

Answer 13

drugs resulting from a second round of chemical modification

Question 14

Therapeutic Index

Answer 14

ratio of the macimum tolerated or safe dose to the minimum effective therapeutic dose; high therapeutic index is considered safer than a drug with a narrow therapeutic index; therapeutic index= max safe dose/min effective dose

Question 15

Therapeutic Drug Monitorying

Answer 15

used to ensure patient well being and/or assess teh therapeutic benefit of a drug; may involve monitoring- measuring drug concentrations in the blood or monitoring patient parameters; used in late pahse clinical trails to ensure drug safety

Question 16

Toxicity Considerations

Answer 16

kidneys and liver are key organs taht metabolize and eliminate drugs; susceptible to damage by certain drugs

Question 17

Nephrotoxic

Answer 17

kidney-toxic; antimicrobials are a leading cause of drug associated nephropathy; aminoglycosides and extended use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NAID)

Question 18

Hepatotoxic

Answer 18

antimicrobial drugs can induce liver damage; drug-induced liver injury (DILI); liver is fairly resilient organ taht tends to recuperate after the drug regimen is stopped; DILI is most commonly cited reason for discontinuing drug development or removing a drug from the amrket

Question 19

Oral Administration

Answer 19

preferred bc it is easiest; must be-stable in acidic environment of the stomach; sufficiently absorbed in the intestines

Question 20

Parenteral Administration

Answer 20

injection or infusion; downsides-needles and/or intravenous lines must be used; requires basic medical training; needle phobia or injection discomfort

Question 21

Half Life

Answer 21

time it takes for half of a dose to be eliminated or deactivated by the body; half life determines frequency of administration if it is short requires frequent administration and long not taken as frequently

Question 22

Beta-lactam Antimicrobials

Answer 22

block cell wall construction; contain a four sided beta lactam ring; bind to transpepidase enzymes; prevent protein cross links that bind peptidoglycans carb chains together

Question 23

Beta-Lactam Antimicrobial Examples

Answer 23

penicillins; cephalosporins; carbapenems; monobactams

Question 24

Beta-Lactamases

Answer 24

enzymes created by some bacteria that inactivate beta-lactam

Question 25

Beta-Lactamase Inhibitorys

Answer 25

combat beta-lacatmases; inhibitors contain a beta lactam ring structure that binds strongly to beta-lactamase; ex- clavulanate, sulbactam or tazobactam, augmentin (combo of amoxicillin and clavulanate)