Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology > Chapter 3: Prokaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Prokaryotic Cells Flashcards

(76 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Prokaryotes

A

unicelluarl; lack a membrane bound nucleus; lack membrane bound organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Monomorphic Bacteria

A

have one shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pleomorphic Bacteria

A

can take on different shapes/forms; this enhances their survival and appears to be important for transmission to a new human host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Prokaryote Sizes

A

rang from 0.2-750 micrometers in diameter; but average 0.5-2.0; mycoplasma species are some of the smallest; thiomargarita magnifica are some of the largest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why are prokaryotes small?

A

surface area to volume ratio; they use diffision and a small size gives them a larger surface area voume ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bacilli

A

singular: bacillus; rod shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cocci

A

singular: coccus; spherical shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Vibrio

A

comma shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Stella

A

star shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Coccobacilli

A

ovoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Spirochetes

A

spiral shaped, corkscrew motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Diplococci

A

paired cocci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Streptococci

A

chains of cocci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Staphylococci

A

grapelike clusters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Diplobacilli

A

paired bacili

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Streptobacilli

A

chains of bacilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Palisade

A

clusters of bacilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Binary Fission

A

how prokaryotic cells reproduce; form of asexual reprduction which produces two “daughter” cloned cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Steps of Binary Fission

A

DNA is copied; cell grows; copied chromosome is drawn to opposite ends of the cell’ septum (partition) begins to form at the midpoint;septum eventually walls off the resulting two daughter cells from one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Extracellular structures

A

structures outside of the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Intracellular Structures

A

structures that lie within the boundary defined by the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

thin, flexible, phospholipid bilayer; selective barrier; proteins can constitue half of the plasma membrane mass; also a site for metabolic reactions (ETC) to make ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Selective Permeability

A

gases, water and small (nonchargged)substances can diffuse in and out of the cell; ions and larger polar substances require protein transporters to enter or exit a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Factors that Affect Fluidity of Plasma Membrane

A

temp (warm increase fluidity and cold reduce fluidity); fatty acid content (unsaturated fatty acid improve fluidity; saturated fatty acids are more rigid in cold)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Bacterial Plasma Membrane
linear fatty acids
26
Archeal Plasma Membranes
long branched fatty acids; certain archaea that live in extreme heat build lipid monolayers as opposed to lipid bilayers
27
Cell Wall of Bacteria
peptidoglycan as a core component of their cell walls; interchanging NAM and NAG that create a mesh like structure; LETS ANY thing thorugh NOT semipermeable
28
Cell Wall of Archeae
Pseudopeptidoglycan is core component
29
Gram Negative Bacteria Cell Wall
thin peptidoglycan layer; periplasmic space; outermembrane; contains lipopolysaccharid LPS; stain pink
30
Gram Positive Bacteria Cell Wall
thick peptidoglycan layer; lack an outer membrane; stain purple
31
Gram Negative Species in the Clinical Setting
typically harder to kill with chemical agents than gram positive; ourter membrane is a selective barrier tha guards against: damage to certain agents (lysozyme); variety of drugs; some detergents and disinfectants; contain porins
32
Porin
protein channels that form a pore; nonspecific channels that allow substances to pass through the outer membrane; exclude large molecules and a variety of substances that may be harmful to the cell
33
Pros and Cons of Gram Positive Cell Walls
Cons: more sensitive to compounds that interfere with peptidoglycan; Pros: retain moisture longer; provide protection from mechanical stresses; presence of teichoic acids (stabilize wall, help maintain shape, transporit cations, and air regulation of division)
34
COMPARISON TABLE FOR GRAM POSITIVE AND NEG CELL WALL
35
Acid Fast Staining
acid fast staining detects a waxy lipid called mycolic acid in cell walls; appear red follwing acid fast procedure; ex) Genera Nocardia and Mycobascterium; nutrients and gases do not readily cross the waxycell wall therefore acid fast bacteria grow slowly;
36
Acid Fast Bacteria and Drugs
drugs do not easily corss the waxy cell wall therefore long and multidrug therapies in pateints infected with acid fast pathogens is necessary
37
Mycoplasma Species
lack a cell wall; contain a sterol enriched plasma membrane; normally live inside other cells; pleomorphic
38
L-Form Bacteria
had a cell wall and then lost it; may contribute to persistent infections since many antibiotics target cell wall structures (and they can kinda hide); resistant to certain environmental stresses (boiling autoclaving)
39
Diffusion
the PASSIVE movement of substances from areas of high concentration to areas of concentration;
40
Simple Diffusion
small noncharged molecules, gases and lipid soluble substances enter and exit cells
41
Facilitated Diffusion
moves substacnces along their concentration gradient with the help of membrane proteins; channel proteins and carrier proteins;
42
Osmosis
occurs as water is attracted to solute an dmoves from area of low solute to high solute; aka diffusion of water
43
Hypertonic Solution
cause cells to lose water to their environment ; plasmolysis results whe the plasma membrane withdraws from the cell
44
Hypotonic Solution
cause cells to gain water from the environment; osmotic lysis occurs if the bacteria cell wall is damaged or missing
45
What are the three types of active transport prokaryotes use?
primary active transport; secondary active transport; and phosphotransferase systems
46
Primary Active Transport
usues ATP to drive transport
47
Secondary Active Transport
uses an ion gradient to drive transport; coupled transport or co-transport; symport, antiport
48
Symport
ions and solute flow in the same direction
49
Antiport
ions and solute flow in the opposite direction
50
Phosphotransferase Systems
group translocation; high energy phosphate is transferred from a substrate onto the substance being transported; commonly used to import glucose in cell; eukaryotes only perform endocytosis
51
Flagella
use one or more for motility' filament like extracellular structure built from a protein called flagellin; works like a rotary propellor that spins from a rod and ring strucutre embedded in the cell wall; rotates 360 degrees not whip like
52
Gram Positive Bacteria Flagella
possess two rings to secure the flagellum
53
Gram Negative Bacteria Flagella
posses four rings used for anchoring
54
Run and Tumble System
allows the cell to sense its environment and change direction; clockwise rotation of flagella results in tumble and counterclockwise results in a run; tumble used ot sense
55
Chemotaxis
movement in response to a chemical stimulus
56
Phototaxis
movement in response to light
57
Aerotaxis
movement in response to oxygen levels
58
Monotrichous
single flagellum
59
Lophotrichouse
tuft or cluster of flagella at one poleA
60
Amphitrichous
flagella at both poles of the cell
61
Peritrichous
flagella all over the cell surface
62
Periplasmic Flagella
located in the space between the plasma membrane and the cell wall; normally found in spirochetes to move in a corkscrew motion
63
Fimbriae
short, bristle-like protein structure that extrude from the cell surface; adhesive properties help prokaryotes stick to surfaces or to each other for establishing biofilms; common in gram negative bacteria
64
Pili
similar to fimbriae, except that they tend to be longer, more rigid, and less numerous; used to adhere to surfaces and aid in gene transfer via conjugation (sex pili)
65
Glycocalyx
a sticky carbohydrate-enriched layer; helps bacteria stick to host tissues or surfaces, protects from desiccation; offers some protection against antibiotics and typical disinfection
66
Slime Layer
unorganized and loosely associated glycocalyx
67
Capsule
well-organized, tightly associated glycocalyx
68
Prokaryotes still have intracellular structures such as
cytoplasm; most biochemical reactions occur in the cytoplasm; and inclusions used for storage
69
Nucleoid
prokaryotic DNA is organized in a single, circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region of the cell
70
Ribosomes
made of RNA and protein; build proteins by linking amino acids; prokaryotic 70S ribosomes are made of 2 subunits (large subunit 50S and small subunit 30S); dont add to 70 because the measurements are sediment not mass
71
Cytoskeleton
composed of long protein filaments and provide structure and support
72
Inclusion Bodies
distinct collections of substances inside prokaryotic cells; insoluble granuels; sometimes bound in a membrane; used to store useful substances; ex) carboxysomes (contain carbon fixing enzymes) and magnetosomes (accumulate magnetic iron)
73
Endospores
metabolically inactive structures that allow certain cells to enter a dormant state; highly resistant to environmental stresses (starvation, heat, drying, freezing , radiation); when conditions become favorable, spores germinate back into vegetative cells (actively growing cells)
74
Medically relevant species that make endospores in the genuses....
bacillus, clostridium, and clostridioides
75
Sporulation and Steps
process of forming a spore; 1) copy DNA; 2) packaging DNA, ribosomes, and special enzymes into the spore coat; 3) surround the spore core with several heat and chemical resistant layers; 4) release
76

Microbiology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions