Chapter 15, Digestive System and Nutrition Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
What do the accessory organs of the digestive system secrete
A
Substances used in the process of digestion
2
Q
What is the innermost layer of the alimentary canal
A
Mucosa or mucus membrane
3
Q
What does the mucosa or mucous membrane do
A
Protects the tissue beneath it and carries on secretion and absorption
Secretes substances used in the process of digestion
4
Q
What does submucosa consist of
A
Glands, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
5
Q
What does submucosa do
A
Nourishes surrounding tissue and carries away absorbed materials
6
Q
What does the muscular layer produce
A
Movement of the tube
7
Q
What happens when smooth muscle in the muscular layer contracts
A
The tube’s diameter decreases
8
Q
What is the outer covering of the tube
A
Serosa or serous layer
9
Q
What does the serosa or serous layer secrete
A
Serous fluid
10
Q
What does the serous fluid, which is secreted by the serous layer, do
A
Moistens and lubricates the tube’s outer surface
11
Q
What are the four layers of the alimentary canal?
A
Mucosa/ mucus membrane
Submucosa
Muscular
Serosa/ serous layer
12
Q
What are the two motor functions of the alimentary canal
A
Mixing movements and propelling movements
13
Q
When do mixing movements occur
A
When the stomach is full and waves of muscular contractions move along the wall from end to end
14
Q
What do the waves of muscular contractions that move along the wall in mixing movements do
A
Mix food with digestive juices
15
Q
What do propelling movements include
A
Wavelike motions called peristalsis
16
Q
What happens in peristalsis
A
A ring of contractions appears in the wall and the muscular contractions push food down the tube
17
Q
A ring of contractions appears in the wall and the muscular contractions push food down the tube
A
Peristalsis
18
Q
What surrounds the mouth
A
Lips, cheeks, tongue, and palate
19
Q
What does the mouth include
A
A chamber between the palate and tongue called the oral cavity
20
Q
What does the palate form
A
The roof of the mouth of the oral cavity
21
Q
Palatine tonsils
A
Masses of lymphatic tissue
A common site of infection
22
Q
Where are the palatine tonsils
A
In the back of the mouth
On either side of the tongue
23
Q
What can the palatine tonsils interfere with when swollen
A
Swallowing and breathing
24
Q
How do blood vessels and nerves reach the dentin in the teeth
A
Through tubular root canals extending into the root
25
What is the function of the incisor
Bite off pieces of food
26
What are the types of teeth
Incisor (central, lateral)
Canine/cuspid
Premolar/bicuspid (first, second)
Molar (first, second, third)
27
What is the function of the canine/cuspid
Grasp and tear food
28
What is the function of the premolar/bicuspid
Grind food particles
29
What is the function of the molar
Grind food particles
30
Bites of pieces of food
Incisor
31
Grasps and tears food
Canine (cuspid)
32
Grind food particles
Premolar (bicuspid)
33
grind food particles
Molar
34
What does saliva do
Moistens food particles, helps bind them, begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates, dissolves food so it can be tasted
35
Salivary amylase
An enzyme that splits starch and glycogen molecules into disaccharides
36
What is the first step in the digestion of carbohydrates
The splitting of starch and glycogen molecules into disaccharides by salivary amylase
37
How many stages does swallowing have
3
38
What is the first stage in swallowing
The tongue rolls the mixture of food and saliva into a bolus and forces it into the pharynx
39
What is the second stage in swallowing
The food is swallowed by a reflex
40
What is the last step in swallowing
Food is transported in the esophagus to the stomach by peristalsis
41
What are the 4 regions of the stomach
The cardiac, fundic, body, and the pyloric regions
42
Where is the cardiac region of the stomach
The small area near the esophageal opening
43
What is the function of the fundic region
A temporary storage area
44
Where is the body region of the stomach
The main part of the stomach and lies between the fundic and pyloric regions
45
How many types of gastric cells are secreted in the gastric glands in the stomach
3
46
What do the chief cells secrete
Digestive enzymes
47
What do the parietal cells secrete
Hydrochloric acid
48
What do the gastric cells, chief cells, and parietal cells collectively secrete
Gastric juices
49
What is the most important gastric juice
Pepsin
50
What is the function of pepsin
It begins the digestion of all types of proteins
51
How many hours may fatty foods remain in the stomach
From 3-6 hours
52
What passes through the stomach the fastest
Carbs
53
What passes through the stomach less quickly than carbs but more quickly than fats
Proteins
54
What kind of impulse travels from the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata in the brain
Sensory
55
The sensory impulse travels from the vomiting center in the ____________ in the brain
Medulla oblongata
56
When can a hiatal hernia form
When a portion of the stomach protrudes through a weakened area of the diaphragm
57
What protrudes through what in a hiatal hernia
Stomach protrudes through a weakened area of the diaphragm
58
A portion of the stomach protrudes through a weakened area of the diaphragm
Hiatal hernia
59
What stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice
Secretin
60
What does secretin stimulate
The secretion of pancreatic juice
61
What does the liver convert
Noncarbohydrates to glucose
62
What does the liver metabolize
Proteins
63
What does the liver store
Vitamins A, D, and B12
64
What does the liver filter
Blood
65
What does the liver remove
Damaged red blood cells
66
What does the liver secrete
Bile
67
What does bile contain
bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, and electrolytes
68
Of the substances bile contains, which is the most abundant
Bile salts
69
What do bile salts do
Aid in digestion by dissolving (emulsifying) fat
70
What is the main function of bile
Digests fats
71
What is the skin condition that turns the skin yellow
Jaundice
72
What causes jaundice
A buildup of bile pigments
73
How are gallstones formed
They are crystals formed when cholesterol in bile precipitates
74
What happens if gallstones enter the bile duct
May block bile flow into the small intestine and cause pain
75
What is the surgical procedure that removes the gallbladder when gallstones are obstructive
Cholecystectomy
76
What is the tool used in a cholecystectomy
A laparoscope
77
How does Hepatitis B spread
By contact with virus-containing body fluids such as blood, saliva, or semen. It may be transmitted by blood transfusions, needles, of sexual activity
78
__________________ accounts for half of all known cases of hepatitis
Hepatitis C
79
How is Hepatitis C transmitted
In blood by sharing needles, razors, blood transfusions, or pregnant women to the fetus
80
What is the major mixing movement in the small intestines
Segmentation
81
Small, ringlike contractions occur periodically, cutting chyme into segments
Segmentation
82
What is cut into segments in the process of segmentation in the small intestines
Chyme
83
What does segmentation slow down
The movement through the small intestines
84
When does malabsorption occur
When the small intestines digests but does not absorb some nutrients
85
A condition in which the small intestines digests but does not absorb some nutrients
Malabsorption
86
What are the symptoms of malabsorption
Diarrhea, weight loss, weakness, anemia, and vitamin deficiencies
87
What does the proximal half of the large intestines do
Absorbs water and electrolytes from chyme
88
What does the distal part of the large intestines do
Forms and stores feces
89
What does the large intestines consist of
Cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal
90
What are hemorrhoids
Enlarged and inflamed rectal veins in the anal column
91
Enlarged and inflamed rectal veins in the anal column
Hemorrhoids
92
What do hemorrhoids cause
Itching, sharp pain, and sometimes bleeding
93
What is included in feces
Materials that were not digested or absorbed, plus water, electrolytes, mucus, and bacteria
94
Feces is usually about _____ percent water
75
95
What do feces get their color from
Bile pigments altered by bacterial action
96
What does the digestive system consist of
The alimentary canal extending from the mouth to the anus and several accessory organs
96
The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and the absorption of the resulting nutrients by cells
Digestion
97
The mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and large and small intestines make up the _________ __________ of the digestive system
Alimentary canal
98
The salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are considered __________ _________
Accessory organs
98
The salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are considered __________ _________
Accessory organs
99
The layer of the wall of the alimentary canal that is formed of surface epithelium and protects underlying tissue while carrying on absorption and secretion is the _____
Mucosa
99
The layer of the wall of the alimentary canal that is formed of surface epithelium and protects underlying tissue while carrying on absorption and secretion is the _____
Mucosa
100
The layer of the alimentary tube that keeps the outer surface of the alimentary tube moist and slippery
Serosa
100
The layer of the alimentary tube that keeps the outer surface of the alimentary tube moist and slippery
Serosa
101
The two basic types of movement of the alimentary canal are ____ movements and _____movements
Mixing and propelling
101
The two basic types of movement of the alimentary canal are ____ movements and _____movements
Mixing and propelling
102
The material that coves the crown of the teeth
Enamel
102
The material that coves the crown of the teeth
Enamel
103
Chisel-shaped teeth whose function is to bite off pieces of food
Incisors
103
Chisel-shaped teeth whose function is to bite off pieces of food
Incisors
104
Stimulation of salivary glands by parasympathetic nerves will ____production of saliva
Increase
104
Stimulation of salivary glands by parasympathetic nerves will ____production of saliva
Increase
105
When food enters the esophagus, it is transported to the stomach by a movement called
Peristalsis
105
When food enters the esophagus, it is transported to the stomach by a movement called
Peristalsis
106
The area of the stomach that acts as a temporary storage area
Fundic region
106
The area of the stomach that acts as a temporary storage area
Fundic region
107
The chief cells of the gastric glands secrete
Digestive enzymes
107
The chief cells of the gastric glands secrete
Digestive enzymes
108
The digestive enzyme pepsin secreted by gastric glands begins the digestion of
Protein
108
The digestive enzyme pepsin secreted by gastric glands begins the digestion of
Protein
109
The intrinsic factor secreted by the stomach aids in the absorption of ____ ___ from the small intestine
Vitamin b12
109
The intrinsic factor secreted by the stomach aids in the absorption of ____ ___ from the small intestine
Vitamin b12
110
The presence of food in the small intestine _____ gastric secretion
Inhibits
110
The presence of food in the small intestine _____ gastric secretion
Inhibits
111
The semifluid paste formed in the stomach by mixing food and gastric secretions is _____
Chyme
111
The semifluid paste formed in the stomach by mixing food and gastric secretions is _____
Chyme
112
The foods that stay in the stomach the longest are high in
Fats
112
The foods that stay in the stomach the longest are high in
Fats
113
The liver is located in the _____ _____ quadrant of the abdomen
Upper right
113
The liver is located in the _____ _____ quadrant of the abdomen
Upper right
114
The liver's most vital functions are related to metabolism of
Protein
114
The liver's most vital functions are related to metabolism of
Protein
115
The only substance in bile that has a digestive function is
Bile salt
115
The only substance in bile that has a digestive function is
Bile salt
116
The functions of the gallbladder on worksheet
Store, secrete, concentrate bile
116
The functions of the gallbladder on worksheet
Store, secrete, concentrate bile
117
Functions of bile worksheet
Emulsification of fat globules, absorption of fats, absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
117
Functions of bile worksheet
Emulsification of fat globules, absorption of fats, absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
118
The velvety appearance of the lining of the small intestine is due to the presence of
Villi
118
The velvety appearance of the lining of the small intestine is due to the presence of
Villi
119
The small intestine absorbs ______ of the products of digestion
Most
119
The small intestine absorbs ______ of the products of digestion
Most
120
Digestive enzymes and mucus are secreted by
Small intestine
120
Digestive enzymes and mucus are secreted by
Small intestine
121
The small intestine joins the large intestine at the
Cecum
121
The small intestine joins the large intestine at the
Cecum
122
The only significant secretion of the large intestine
Mucus
122
The only significant secretion of the large intestine
Mucus
123
The only nutrients normally absorbed in the large intestine are _____ and _______
Water, electrolytes
123
The only nutrients normally absorbed in the large intestine are _____ and _______
Water, electrolytes
124
The most abundant substance in feces is
Water
124
The most abundant substance in feces is
Water
125
Nutrients such as amino acids and fatty acids, that are necessary for health but cannot by synthesized in adequate amounts by the body are called
Essential nutrients
125
Nutrients such as amino acids and fatty acids, that are necessary for health but cannot by synthesized in adequate amounts by the body are called
Essential nutrients
126
Carbohydrates are ingested in such foods as
Meat and seafood
| Bread and pasta
126
Carbohydrates are ingested in such foods as
Meat and seafood
| Bread and pasta
