Chapter 19, The Reproductive System

Question 1

What are female sex cells

Answer 1

Eggs, or oocytes

Question 2

What are the male’s primary sex organs

Answer 2

The testes

Question 3

Where do sperm cells and male hormones form

Answer 3

Testes

Question 4

Where are the testes housed

Answer 4

In the scrotum

Question 5

What is the process in which sperm cells form

Answer 5

Spermatogenesis

Question 6

What are spermatogonia

Answer 6

Spermatogenic cells that are undifferentiated in the male embryo

Question 7

At puberty, the spermatocytes reproduce by the process called

Answer 7

Meiosis

Question 8

What does meiosis produce in the male

Answer 8

Four sperm cells with 23 chromosomes in each of their nuclei

Question 9

What are the male internal accessory organs

Answer 9

Two epididymides, two ducts deferentia, two ejaculatory ducts, a urethra, two seminal vesicles, and the prostate gland

Question 10

How long are the epididymides

Answer 10

6 meters long

Question 11

What are tightly coiled, threadlike tubes about 6 meters long

Answer 11

The epididymides

Question 12

What is each epididymis connected to

Answer 12

Ducts within the testes

Question 13

Immature sperm cells reaching the epididymis are _____

Answer 13

Nonmotile

Question 14

After the sperm cells mature in the epididymis, they have the potential to do what

Answer 14

Move independently and fertilize eggs

Question 15

When do sperm swim

Answer 15

After ejaculation

Question 16

What are seminal vesicles

Answer 16

Saclike structures that attach to the ductus deferens

Question 17

What do seminal vesicles do

Answer 17

Secrete a slightly alkaline fluid that contains fructose that provides energy for the sperm

Question 18

What does the fructose that is secreted by the seminal vesicles do

Answer 18

Provides energy for the sperm

Question 19

What does the prostate gland secrete

Answer 19

A thin, milky fluid with an alkaline pH

Question 20

What does the fluid that the prostate gland neutralize

Answer 20

The fluid containing sperm cells, which is acidic, and the acidic excretions of the vagina

Question 21

What is semen

Answer 21

The fluid the male urethra secretes during ejaculation

Question 22

What does semen consist of

Answer 22

Sperm cells from the testes and the fluids from the prostate gland and seminal vesicles

Question 23

During sexual stimulation, what kind of impulses travel from the spinal cord

Answer 23

Nerve impulses

Question 24

What do the nerve impulses from the spinal cord release during sexual stimulation

Answer 24

Nitric oxide

Question 25

What does the nitric oxide that is released by the nerve impulses from the spinal cord during sexual stimulation do

Answer 25

Dilates the arteries leading to the penis

Question 26

At the same time that the arteries leading to the penis dilate during sexual stimulation, what happens to the veins of the penis

Answer 26

Increased pressure on the arteries compress the veins of the penis, reducing the flow of blood away from it

Question 27

When blood is prevented from flowing away from the penis during sexual stimulation, what happens

Answer 27

Blood accumulates in erectile tissue and the penis swells, producing an erection

Question 28

What is released from the penis first

Answer 28

Fluid from the prostate gland

Question 29

What is released after the fluid from the prostate

Answer 29

The sperm cells and the fluid from the seminal vesicles

Question 30

What secretes the hormones that control male reproductive functions

Answer 30

The hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and testes

Question 31

What are male sex hormones

Answer 31

Androgens

Question 32

What is the most important androgen

Answer 32

Testosterone

Question 33

What are the causes of male infertility

Answer 33

The testes don't descend into the scrotum, causing the higher temperatures of the body to kill the sperm Sperm don't produce tails

Question 34

What are the female's primary sex organs

Answer 34

Ovaries

Question 35

What do the ovaries produce

Answer 35

Female sex cells and sex hormones

Question 36

Before birth, how many oocytes are produced in the embryo

Answer 36

Several million

Question 37

How do oocytes begin

Answer 37

As primordial follicles

Question 38

What is oogenesis

Answer 38

The process of egg cell formation

Question 39

Beginning at puberty, some primary oocytes are stimulated to do what

Answer 39

Continue meiosis

Question 40

When the primary oocyte divides, _____

Answer 40

One of the resulting cells is a secondary oocyte, and the other is a smaller polar body

Question 41

What is a secondary oocyte

Answer 41

A resulting cell after the primary oocyte divides

Question 42

What can the large secondary oocyte do that the other polar body cannot

Answer 42

Be fertilized by a sperm cell

Question 43

What do some of the primordial follicles do at puberty

Answer 43

Mature to form primary follicles

Question 44

How many primary follicles may begin maturing at any time?

Answer 44

20 | But one follicle usually outgrows the others

Question 45

What do the 20 primary follicles develop into

Answer 45

The primary oocyte

Question 46

What happens after the follicles develop into the primary oocyte

Answer 46

The secondary oocyte and first polar body are produced

Question 47

An egg is released from the ovary in a process called what

Answer 47

Ovulation

Question 48

What happens if the oocyte isn't fertilized within 24 hours

Answer 48

It degenerates

Question 49

Where does fertilization occur

Answer 49

In the uterine tube

Question 50

What does the uterus receive and what does it do

Answer 50

The developing embryo and keeps it for development

Question 51

What is the lower third of the uterus

Answer 51

Cervix

Question 52

The cervix extends ____

Answer 52

Downward into the upper part of the vagina

Question 53

What are the female external reproductive organs

Answer 53

The labia majora, labia minora, the clitoris, and the vestibule

Question 54

What are the external sexual organs of the female collectively called

Answer 54

The vulva

Question 55

What corresponds to the penis in males and has a similar structure

Answer 55

The clitoris

Question 56

The same process of ____ occurs in the female as in the male

Answer 56

Erection

Question 57

What stimulates enlargement of accessory organs

Answer 57

Estrogen

Question 58

What may happen to elite female athletes

Answer 58

Sometimes, they have irregular reproductive cycles that may completely stop

Question 59

If elite females have irregular reproductive females, what might this impair

Answer 59

Their ability to conceive

Question 60

Why may elite athletes not be able to conceive

Answer 60

Too little body fat

Question 61

Why can too little body fat inhibit an elite athlete's ability to produce

Answer 61

Diminished fat reserves decreases secretion of estrogen levels There is too little estrogen

Question 62

What is the most effective birth control

Answer 62

Abstinence

Question 63

What is the second most effective birth control

Answer 63

Oral contraceptives

Question 64

What do oral contraceptives contain

Answer 64

Synthetic estrogen and progesterone

Question 65

What do women need to get tested for periodically

Answer 65

Cervical cancer

Question 66

What is used to detect the presence of abnormal cells in the cervix

Answer 66

A pap smear

Question 67

What can women going through menopause take to replace estrogen in the body

Answer 67

Hormone replacement therapy

Question 68

How many women will develop breast cancer at some point in their life

Answer 68

1 in 8

Question 69

How many breast cancer cases are men

Answer 69

1%

Question 70

What could signal breast cancer

Answer 70

A small area of thickened tissue, a dimple, a change in contour, or a nipple that is flattened, points in an unusual direction, or produces a discharge

Question 71

How does a woman perform a monthly "breast self-exam"

Answer 71

Lies flat on back with arm raised behind her head and systematically feels all parts of each breast

Question 72

Sometimes breast cancer gives no warning at all | What are signs that may not occur until the disease has spread beyond the breast

Answer 72

Fatigue and feeling ill

Question 73

What is the next step after finding a lump in your breast

Answer 73

A physical exam

Question 74

Physical exam

Answer 74

A health-care provider examines the breast and does a mammogram

Question 75

Mammogram

Answer 75

An x-ray scan that can pinpoint the location and approximate extent of abnormal tissue

Question 76

What can an ultrasound scan distinguish

Answer 76

The difference between a cyst and a tumor

Question 77

Cyst

Answer 77

Fluid-filled sac of glandular tissue

Question 78

Tumor

Answer 78

Solid mass

Question 79

If an area of the breast is suspicious, a thin needle used to take a ____ of the tissue, whose cells will be scrutinized for cancer

Answer 79

Biopsy (sample)

Question 80

Eighty percent of the time, a breast lump is a sign of what

Answer 80

Fibrocystic breast disease, which is benign

Question 81

Benign

Answer 81

Noncancerous

Question 82

Fibroadenoma

Answer 82

A solid mass of connective tissue

Question 83

Lumpectomy

Answer 83

Removes a small tumor and some surrounding tissue

Question 84

Simple mastectomy

Answer 84

Removes a breast

Question 85

Modified radical mastectomy

Answer 85

Removes the breast and surrounding lymph nodes, but preserves the pectoral muscles

Question 86

Only ____% to _____% of all breast cancers arise from an inherited tendency

Answer 86

5-10

Question 87

What are male sex cells

Answer 87

Sperm