Chapter 16, The Respiratory System Flashcards
(125 cards)
0
Q
Why does laryngitis occur
A
Inhaled vapors would cause infection or irritation in the larynx
1
Q
When does laryngitis occur
A
When the mucous membrane of the larynx becomes inflamed and swollen
2
Q
Laryngitis prevents what from vibrating as freely as before
A
Vocal cords
3
Q
When can laryngitis be dangerous
A
If swollen tissues obstruct the airway and interfere with breathing
4
Q
What tube is inserted into the trachea through the nose or mouth to restore the passageway until the inflammation subsides
A
The endotracheal tube
5
Q
A cough can be produced through_____ _____ or may be triggered by what
A
Conscious effort
Foreign object in an air passage
6
Q
What does coughing involve
A
Taking a deep breath, closing the glottis, and forcing air upward from the lungs against the closure
7
Q
When the glottis is suddenly opened during coughing, a blast of air is forced upward from the ________. Usually. This rapid rush of air removes the substance that triggered the reflex
A
Lower respiratory tract
8
Q
A _______ is much like a cough, but it clears the upper respiratory passages rather than the lower ones
A
Sneeze
9
Q
What initiates a sneeze and in response, a blast of air is forced through what
A
A mild irritation in the lining of the nasal cavity
The glottis
10
Q
In a sneeze, the air is directed into the nasal passages by depressing the ______, thus closing the opening between what
A
Uvula
Pharynx and oral cavity
11
Q
A sneeze can propel a particle out of the nose at ______ miles an hour
A
200
12
Q
What does laughing involve
A
Taking a breath and releasing it in a series of short expirations
13
Q
Why is it important to note a person’s facial expression when trying to determine if he’s laughing or crying
A
Laughing and crying consist of very similar movements
14
Q
What is a hiccup caused by
A
A sudden inspiration due to a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm while the glottis is closed
15
Q
Air striking the ____ ____ caused the sound of the hiccup
A
vocal cords
16
Q
Yawning may aid in______ by providing an occasional __ ___
A
Respiration
Deep breath
17
Q
During normal, quiet, breathing, not all the ______ are ventilated, and some blood may pass through the lungs without becoming _____ _______
A
Alveoli
Well oxygenated
18
Q
The low blood oxygen concentration triggers what
A
The yawn reflex
19
Q
Tidal volume
A
TV
500 mL
20
Q
Inspiratory reserve volume
A
IRV
3000 mL
21
Q
Expiratory reserve volume
A
ERV
1100
22
Q
Vital capacity
A
VC
4600 mL
VC= TV+IRV+ERV
23
Q
A progressive, degenerative disease that destroys alveolar walls
A
Emphysema
24
What is laryngitis
Hoarseness or lack of voice
25
As a result of emphysema, clusters of small air sacs merge to form larger chambers, which drastically decreases the ___ ____ of the respiratory membrane and thereby reducing the ___ __ ____ Thant can be exchanged through the membrane
Surface area
| Volume of gases
26
In emphysema, alveolar walls lose some of their _____, and capillary networks associated with the alveoli ________
Elasticity
| Diminish
27
Lung cancer, like other cancers, is the ___________ that rob normal cells of ______ and _______, eventually crowing them out
Uncontrolled division of abnormal cells
| Nutrients and oxygen
28
Some cancerous growths on the lungs result secondarily from cancer cells that have spread (_________) from other parts of the body, such as the ______, ________, ______, or ________
Metastasized
| Breasts, intestines, liver, or kidneys
29
Cancers that begin in the lungs are called ____ _____ ___
Primary pulmonary cancers
30
Primary pulmonary cancers may arise from _____, _____ ______, or ____ ______
Epithelia, connective tissue, or blood cells
31
The most common form of primary pulmonary cancers originates from _______ in a _____ and is called ______ _______
Epithelium
Bronchiole
Bronchogenic carcinoma
32
Bronchogenic carcinoma is a response to ________ such as prolonged exposure to ______ _____
Irritation
| Tobacco smoke
33
Susceptibility to primary pulmonary cancers may be _____
Inherited
34
Hyperventilation
Lowers the blood carbon dioxide level
35
Following hyperventilation, it takes _____ for carbon dioxide to rise to a level that produces an overwhelming effect on the respiratory areas
Longer
36
What can prolonging breath-holding cause
Abnormally low blood oxygen levels
37
Why shouldn't hyperventilation be used to help hold the breath while swimming
Because the person could lose consciousness underwater and drown
38
The organs of the respiratory system can be divided into what two groups
Upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract
39
What's in the upper respiratory tract
The nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx
40
What's in the lower respiratory tract
The larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and the lungs
41
What divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides
Nasal septum
42
The nasal cavity includes an extensive network of what
Blood vessels and mucous membranes
43
What happens when air passes over the mucous membrane
Heat leaves the blood and warms the air, adjusting the temperature to that of the body's temperature
44
When is air moistened
When water evaporates from the mucous lining
45
What does the mucus do
Entraps dust particles and other small particles in the air
46
The mucus is eventually swallowed and the stomach juices destroy
Microorganisms in the mucus
47
Within then maxillary, frontal, and sphenoid bones of the skull lies what
The paranasal sinuses
48
What is another name for the pharynx
Throat
49
Where is the pharynx
Behind the oral cavity and the larynx
50
What is the pharynx
The passageway for food traveling from the oral cavity to the esophagus and for air passing between the nasal cavity and the larynx
51
What is the larynx
An enlargement in the airway at the top of the trachea and below the pharynx
52
What does the larynx do
Conducts air in and out of the trachea and prevents foreign objects from entering the trachea
Houses vocal cords
53
How do you control the pitch of a sound
Contracting or relaxing muscles that alter the tension on the vocal cords
54
How to control the intensity or loudness of a sound
Change of force of air passing through the vocal cords
55
During normal breathing, the vocal cords are ______ and the glottis is
Relaxed
| A triangular slit
56
Glottis
The opening between the vocal cords
57
When foods is swallowed, what happens to the glottis
Muscles within the false vocal cords close the glottis, which prevents food from entering the trachea
58
What prevents food from entering the larynx
Epiglottis
59
What is another word for trachea
Windpipe
60
What does the trachea split into
The right and left bronchi
61
What lines the trachea's inner wall
A ciliated mucous membrane
62
What does the mucous membrane do
Filters air entering the lungs
63
Within the inner wall of the trachea are 20 C shaped pieces of
Hyaline cartilage rings
64
What do the hyaline cartilage rings do
Keeps the trachea from collapsing
65
What do alveoli provide
A large surface area of thin simple squamous epithelial cells through which gas can easily be exchanged
66
Oxygen diffuses from the ____ into the _____ in nearby _______
Alveoli
Blood
Capillaries
67
CO2 diffuses from the ___ into ____
Blood
| Alveoli
68
Lungs
Soft, spongy, cone shaped organs in the thoracic cavity
69
Which lung is bigger than the other
The right
70
How many lobes are there in the right Lung
3
71
How Many lobes in the left lung
2
72
What does breathing consist of
Inspiration or inhalation, and expiation or exhalation
73
The force that moves air into the lungs
Atmospheric pressure due to weight of air
74
If the pressure inside the lungs and alveoli decreases, atmospheric pressure will
Push outside air into the airways
| Normal inspiration
75
What does the diaphragm below the lungs do when the thoracic cavity enlarges
Contracts or moves downward
76
What happens to air when the thoracic cavity enlarges
It's forced into the airways
77
While the diaphragm is contracting and moving downward, what happens
The external (inspiratory) intercostal muscles between the ribs may be stimulated to contract
78
Surface tension can make it difficult to _____ the alveoli and cause cause them to _____
Inflate
| Collapse
79
What is very important in the mins after birth
Surfactant
80
What do premies often suffer from? Why
Respiratory distress syndrome
| Bc not enough surfactant is being produced
81
Where do the forces of expiration come from
The elastic recoil of tissues and from surface tension
82
What do the lungs and thoracic walls contain
Lots of elastic tissue
83
What does the elastic tissue do
Stretches with lung expansion during inspiration
84
As the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax following inspiration, the _____ _______ cause the lungs and ______ ______ to recoil and return to their original shape
Elastic tissues
| Thoracic cage
85
Respiratory cycle
One inspiration plus the following expiration
86
Tidal volume
The volume of air that enters or leaves during a single respiratory cycle
87
Ordinary air is about ____ percent oxygen and _____ percent nitrogen
21
| 78
88
Almost all oxygen that is transported by blood binds to the ______ in red blood cells. The remainder is dissolved in_______
Hemoglobin
| Plasma
89
How can a person increase breath holding time
By breathing rapidly and deeply in advance
90
Interference with the oxygen supply to the brain causes_____
Fainting
91
A person who is emotionally upset may Hyperventilate, become dizzy, and lose consciousness.
This is caused by lower____ _____ ______ followed by a rise in pH (or __ ___), a localized vasoconstriction of ____ arterioles, and resulting in a decreased blood flow to nearby___ cells
carbon dioxide concentration
Respiratory alkalosis
Cerebral
Brain
92
A person who is emotionally upset may
Hyperventilate, become dizzy, and lose consciousness
93
Coughing, sneezing, laughing, yawning, and hiccups are
Nonrespiratory movements
94
The pharynx is the cavity behind the mouth, extending from the ____ ___ to the ____
Oral cavity
| Esophagus
95
The pharynx is the cavity behind the mouth, extending from the ____ ___ to the ____
Oral cavity
| Esophagus
96
The pharynx is the cavity behind the mouth, extending from the ____ ___ to the ____
Oral cavity
| Esophagus
97
The portions of the larynx that prevent foreign objects from entering the trachea
Glottis and epiglottis
98
The portions of the larynx that prevent foreign objects from entering the trachea
Glottis and epiglottis
99
The portions of the larynx that prevent foreign objects from entering the trachea
Glottis and epiglottis
100
The trachea is maintained in an open position
Cartilaginous rings
101
The trachea is maintained in an open position
Cartilaginous rings
102
The trachea is maintained in an open position
Cartilaginous rings
103
The smallest branches of the bronchial tree are the
Alveolar ducts
104
The smallest branches of the bronchial tree are the
Alveolar ducts
105
The smallest branches of the bronchial tree are the
Alveolar ducts
106
The right lung is _____ than the left lung
Larger
107
The right lung is _____ than the left lung
Larger
108
The right lung is _____ than the left lung
Larger
109
The pressure in the thoracic cavity during inspiration is
Less than atmospheric pressure
110
The pressure in the thoracic cavity during inspiration is
Less than atmospheric pressure
111
The pressure in the thoracic cavity during inspiration is
Less than atmospheric pressure
112
Inspiration occurs after the diaphragm _____, thus ______ the size of the thorax and ______ the pressure within the thorax
Contracts
Increasing
Decreasing
113
Inspiration occurs after the diaphragm _____, thus ______ the size of the thorax and ______ the pressure within the thorax
Contracts
Increasing
Decreasing
114
Inspiration occurs after the diaphragm _____, thus ______ the size of the thorax and ______ the pressure within the thorax
Contracts
Increasing
Decreasing
115
The other muscles that normally act to change the size of the thorax
Intercostals
116
The other muscles that normally act to change the size of the thorax
Intercostals
117
The other muscles that normally act to change the size of the thorax
Intercostals
118
Expansion of the lungs during inspiration is assisted by the surface tension of fluid in the
Pleural cavity
119
Expansion of the lungs during inspiration is assisted by the surface tension of fluid in the
Pleural cavity
120
The surface tension of fluid in the alveoli is decreased by the secretion ______, which prevents collapse of the alveoli
Surfactant
121
The surface tension of fluid in the alveoli is decreased by the secretion ______, which prevents collapse of the alveoli
Surfactant
122
The disease that results in decreased surface area of the respiratory membrane and loss of elasticity in the alveolar walls is
Emphysema
123
The force responsible for expiration comes mainly from
Change in the surface tension within alveoli
Elastic recoil of tissues in the lung and thoracic wall
Contraction of abdominal muscle to push the diaphragm upward
124
The amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs during a normal, quiet respiration is the
Tidal volume
