Chapter 15 - Processes of Change

Question 1

The creation, invention, or chance discovery of a completely new idea, method or device.

Answer 1

primary innovation

Question 2

The deliberate application or modification of an existing idea, method, or device.

Answer 2

secondary innovation

Question 3

The spread of certain ideas, customs or practices from one culture to another.

Answer 3

diffusion

Question 4

The abandonment of an existing practice or trait.

Answer 4

culture loss

Question 5

Massive cultural changes that occurs in a society when it experiences intensive firsthand contact with a more powerful society.

Answer 5

acculturation

Question 6

The violent eradication of an ethnic group’s collective culture identity as a distinctive people; occurs when a dominant society deliberately sets out to destroy another society’s heritage.

Answer 6

ethnocide

Question 7

Cultural absorption of an ethnic minority by a dominant society.

Answer 7

assimilation

Question 8

Customary ideas and practices passed on from generation to generation, which in a modernizing society may form an obstacle to new ways of doing things.

Answer 8

tradition

Question 9

In acculturation, the creative blending of indigenous and foreign beliefs and practices into new cultural forms.

Answer 9

syncretism

Question 10

In anthropology, refers to an adaptation process by which a people resists assimilation by modifying it s traditional culture in response to pressures by a dominant society in order to preserve its distinctive ethnic identity.

Answer 10

accommodation

Question 11

A spiritual movement (especially noted in Melanesia) in reaction to disruptive contact with Western capitalism, promising resurrection of deceased relatives, destruction or enslavement or white foreigners, and the magical arrival of utopian riches.

Answer 11

cargo cult

Question 12

Organized armed resistance to an established government or authority in power; also known as rebellion.

Answer 12

insurgency

Question 13

Radical change in a society or culture. In the political arean, it involves the forced overthrow of an old government and establishment of a completely new one.

Answer 13

revolution

Question 14

The process of political and socioeconomic change, whereby developing societies acquire some of the cultural characteristics of Western industrialized society.

Answer 14

modernization

Question 15

Organized armed resistance to an established government or authority in power is called __________.

Answer 15

rebellion

Question 16

The spread of certain ideas, customs, or practices from one culture to another refers to _____________.

Answer 16

diffusion

Question 17

__________ is the massive cultural changes that people are forced to make as a consequence of intensive first-hand contact between their own group and another, often more powerful society.

Answer 17

Acculturation

Question 18

In the video, the blending of cultural practices of French-speaking immigrants from North Africa to mainstream French culture of Paris suburbs is cited as an example of____________.

Answer 18

syncretism

Question 19

____________ is the creation, invention, or discovery, by chance, of a completely new idea, method, or device.

Answer 19

Primary innovation

Question 20

A _________________ is a deliberate application or modification of an existing idea, method or device.

Answer 20

secondary innovation

Question 21

The Haviland text cited the work of Michael M. Horowitz, whose pioneering work on the Senegal River Basin Monitoring Activity serves as a model for how ___________________ can encourage culturally sensitive development policy.

Answer 21

applied anthropology

Question 22

Why do cultures change?

Answer 22

d) a and b
a) Cultures change when they are introduced to new ideas and tools.
b) Cultures change when the natural and social environment in which people live changes, they change their culture in response to environmental changes.

Question 23

In order to gain acceptance, __________ must be reasonably consistent with a society’s needs, values, and goals.

Answer 23

a) innovation

Question 24

What is NOT a cause of rebellion and revolution?

a) a treat to a recent economic improvement
b) government indecisiveness
c) loss of support from the intellectual class
d) loss of prestige of an established authority
e) All the above are causes of rebellion and revolution

Answer 24

e) All the above are causes of rebellion and revolution

Question 25

Commonly, the burden of modernization in developing countries falls most heavily on___________

Answer 25

d) women

Question 26

Which of the following are subprocesses of modernization? a) technological development b) agricultural development c) urbanization d) industrialization and telecommunication e) all of the above

Answer 26

e) all of the above

Question 27

Eradication of their collective cultural identity was experienced by which group?

Answer 27

e) Tibetans

Question 28

How is primary innovation different from secondary innovation?

Answer 28

d) Primary innovation is the creation, invention, or chance discovery of a completely new idea, method or device, whereas secondary innovation is a new and deliberate application or modification of an existing idea, method or device.

Question 29

What has made it possible to transport human beings and ideas from one place to another with astounding speed and in great numbers?

Answer 29

a) modernization

Question 30

A shift in emphasis form subsistence farming to commercial farming is one of the subprocesses of modernization known as___________.

Answer 30

b) agricultural development

Question 31

Change imposed upon one group by another continues in much of the world today as culture contact intensifies between______________.

Answer 31

b) societies unequal in power

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of cultural change? a) enculturation b) innovation c) diffusion d) cultural loss e) acculturation

Answer 32

c) diffusion

Question 33

Which of the following definitions is FALSE? a) primary innovation-the creation, invention, or chance discovery of a completely new idea, method or device. b) secondary innovation - a new and deliberate application or modification of an existing idea, method or device. c) diffusion-the containment of ideas, customs, and practices to keep them from spreading into other cultures. d) cultural loss-the abandonment of an existing idea or trait. e) acculturation-massive cultural change that people are forced to make as a consequence of intensive firsthand contact between their own group an another, often more powerful society.

Answer 33

c) diffusion-the containment of ideas, customs, and practices to keep them from spreading into other cultures.

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a subprocess of modernization? a) technological development: the application of scientific knowledge and techniques. b) agricultural development: a shift in emphasis from subsistence farming to commercial farming. c) industrialization: greater emphasis placed on material forms of energy to drive machines. d) urbanization: population movement from rural settlements into cities. e) redistribution: power and wealth are continually taken from the rich and given to the poor.

Answer 34

e) redistribution: power and wealth are continually taken from the rich and given to the poor.

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of syncretism? a) The Trobriand Islanders of Melanesia play cricket, a British game, with the addition of battle dress, battle magic and the incorporation or erotic dancing. b) When US or British citizens visit each other's countries, they learn to drive on the "wrong" side of the road. c) Teenage boys in Zambia reconfigure used clothing imported from the US to make such clothing distinctly their own. d) The rise of new innovations like the microwave resulted in the increasing demise of family mealtime in the US. e) Items for daily use such as butter were once mad at home but are now available in stores as a result of specialized production.

Answer 35

a) The Trobriand Islanders of Melanesia play cricket, a British game, with the addition of battle dress, battle magic and the incorporation or erotic dancing.

Question 36

What is an organized armed resistance to an established government or authority in power?

Answer 36

d) insurgency

Question 37

What is one of the consequences that occurs with acceptance of innovations within a culture?

Answer 37

a) acceptance of innovations lead to cultural loss.

Question 38

What describes the subprocess of modernization?

Answer 38

c) technological development, agricultural development, urbanization, industrialization and telecommunication.

Question 39

The declining situation of the Sami people as a result of negative effects from the introduction of the snowmobile into their reindeer herding society constitutes an example of modernization upending____________, or the customary ideas and practices that are passed on from generation to generation.

Answer 39

c) tradition

Question 40

There are anthropologists who advise outside groups in how to manipulate people, which raise ethical concerns. As a result, they use community-based research and collaborate with indigenous societies, ethnic minorities, and repressed groups. These anthropologists are practicing _________.

Answer 40

c) action or applied anthropology.

Question 41

In 2006, which Latin American country embodied the aspirations of a revitalization movement?

Answer 41

b) Bolivia