Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

group, or cluster of related symptoms that are characteristic of a disorder

Answer 1

syndrome

Question 2

4D’s of syndrome

Answer 2

• Disturbance of thought, emotion of behavior
• Dysfunction of biological or developmental processes
• Distress or disability in everyday life
• Deviant thought, emotion, or behavior

Question 3

occurrence of two or more psychological disorders at the same time

Answer 3

comorbidity

Question 4

example of comorbidity

Answer 4

depression and anxiety tend to be comorbid –> usually anxiety leads to depression

Question 5

disorders of thought and perception, characterized by inability to distinguish between real and imagine perceptions

Answer 5

psychotic disorder

Question 6

significant disturbances in thought, emotion, and perception

Answer 6

schizophrenia

Question 7

symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 7

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, negative symptoms

Question 8

when the affected person thinks they are higher status than what they actually are

Answer 8

delusions of grandeur

Question 9

when you think that someone is out to get you

Answer 9

delusions of persecution

Question 9

hearing voices that aren’t actually there –> can point to a specific point in which the voices are coming from

Answer 9

auditory hallucination

Question 9

disturbances in your perceptions

Answer 9

hallucinations

Question 10

the presence of inappropriate behaviors (hallucinations, disorganized or delusional talking)

Answer 10

positive symptoms

Question 11

the absence of appropriate behaviors (expressionless, rigid bodies)

Answer 11

negative symtpoms

Question 12

problems with working memory, attention, reasoning, problem solving, etc

Answer 12

cognitive symptoms

Question 13

explanation of origin disorders as combination of biological predispositions plus stress or abusive environment

Answer 13

diathesis-stress model

Question 14

Causes of schizophrenia:

Answer 14

maternal infections (influenza, rubella), abuse/neglect during periods of critical brain growth

Question 15

pruning is (increased/decreased) in individuals with schizophrenia

Answer 15

increased

Question 16

includes all forms of depression, including major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder

Answer 16

depressive disorders

Question 17

symptoms last for at least 2 consecutive weeks

Answer 17

major depressive disorder

Question 18

1. depressed mood that stays low
2. reduced interest/pleasure in doing anything
3. significant weight change
4. sleep disturbances
5. sluggishness or restlessness
6. daily fatigue/loss of energy
7. daily feelings of worthlessness
8. difficulty concentrating
9. recurrent thoughts of death

Answer 18

major depressive disorder

Question 19

___% of overall US population has major depressive disorder

Answer 19

7%

Question 20

same symptoms as major depressive disorder, but less severe symptoms

Answer 20

persistent depressive disorder

Question 21

sense of powerlessness that arises from repeated inability to control or escape stressful situations

Answer 21

learned helplessness

Question 22

origins of depression

Answer 22

stressful event and/or biochemical factors

Question 23

severe mood fluctuations, cycling between very low (depressive) and very high (manic) moods

Answer 23

bipolar disorder

Question 24

increased energy, sleeplessness, euphoria, irritability, delusions of grandeur, increased sex drive, "racing" thoughts --> lasts at least a week

Answer 24

manic episodes

Question 25

same symptoms as mania, but less severe

Answer 25

hypomanic episodes

Question 26

- criteria for mania for at least 7 days - depressive symptoms - full blown mania

Answer 26

Bipolar I

Question 27

- criteria for hypomania for at least 4 days - depressive symptoms - highs aren't quite as high, but the lows are just as low

Answer 27

Bipolar II

Question 28

a relatively mild form of bipolar disorder

Answer 28

cyclothymia

Question 29

bipolar disorder and depression work on different ____

Answer 29

neurotransmitters

Question 30

causes of bipolar disorder

Answer 30

- prenatal alcohol exposure - abnormalities in the brain - potential genetic contribution - hormone imbalances

Question 31

generalized state of apprehension or tension

Answer 31

anxiety

Question 32

symptoms: trouble with sleep, body restlessness/agitation, difficulty concentrating, muscle tension --> lasts at least 6 months

Answer 32

generalized anxiety disorder

Question 33

an anxiety disorder associated with perceptions of threat and occurring because of fear of danger, inability to escape, embarrassment, or specific objects

Answer 33

panic attacks

Question 34

disorder characterized by panic attacks and persistent anxiety about having more attacks

Answer 34

panic disorder

Question 35

diagnosis of panic disorder

Answer 35

attack followed by at least one month of persistent worry over future attacks

Question 36

ongoing and irrational fear of a particular object, situation, or activity

Answer 36

phobia

Question 37

fear of humiliation in the presence of others, characterized by intense self-consciousness about appearance or behavior or both

Answer 37

social phobia

Question 38

fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult or in which help might not be available should a panic attack occur

Answer 38

agoraphobia

Question 39

phobia of a particular object or situation

Answer 39

specific phobia

Question 40

origins of anxiety disorders - 3 biological factors

Answer 40

1. GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter) deficiencies 2. Genetic heritage 3. Personality (high neuroticism and high introversion)

Question 41

disorder that involves intrusive and persistent cognitive, emotional, and physiological symptoms triggered by catastrophic or horrifying events

Answer 41

posttraumatic stress disorder

Question 42

diagnosis of PTSD

Answer 42

- directly experience traumatic event - witness event occurring to others - learned of violent or accidental extreme trauma occurring to a loved one - repeatedly exposed to or reminded of details of such event