Chapter 7: Memory

Question 1

ability to take in, solidify, store, and use information

Answer 1

memory

Question 2

Four steps to forming memories

Answer 2

1. Encoding
2. Consolidation
3. Storage
4. Retrieval

Question 3

brain attends to, takes in, and integrates new information

Answer 3

encoding

Question 4

little effort or conscious attention - encoding that occurs without you meaning for it to happen

Answer 4

automatic processing

Question 5

ex: remembering what I ate for breakfast without intending to remember

Answer 5

automatic processing

Question 6

careful attention and conscious effort

Answer 6

effortful processing

Question 7

method used to help us remember information

Answer 7

mnemonic device

Question 8

establishing, stabilizing, or solidifying memory

Answer 8

consolidation

Question 9

retention of memory over time

Answer 9

storage

Question 10

organize information from most common to most specific

Answer 10

hierarchies

Question 11

mental frameworks; from experience with people, objects, or events

Answer 11

schemas

Question 12

ex: set of expectations on the objects, what is supposed to happen, and what to do in a restaurant

Answer 12

restaurant schema

Question 13

chain of association between related concepts

Answer 13

associative network

Question 14

ex: strong neural connection between fire engines and the color red

Answer 14

associative network

Question 15

recovery of information stored in memory

Answer 15

retrieval

Question 16

aids to memory formation and retrieval

Answer 16

attention, sleep, emotion, depth of processing, retrieval cues, spreading activation, encoding specificity

Question 17

protects memories from being forgotten; makes memories more accessible to recall

Answer 17

sleep

Question 18

generally better at remembering emotional memories than factual ones

Answer 18

emotion

Question 19

detailed snapshot for what we were doing when we first heard about a major, public, and emotionally charged even

Answer 19

flashbulb memory

Question 20

shallow - just looking at the structure of the word

Answer 20

structural/visual encoding

Question 21

intermediate - make a judgement on the acoustic formation of the word (rhyming word, etc)

Answer 21

phonemic

Question 22

deep - when you think about the meaning of words

Answer 22

semantic

Question 23

prompt that helps access information in memory (question, or can use physical space)

Answer 23

retrieval cues

Question 24

activation goes to all nodes that are attached to a node that is turned on

Answer 24

spreading activation

Question 25

ex: when witnessing a robbery, victim isn't able to describe details of the actual robber

Answer 25

weapons focus

Question 26

tendency to remember events to be more positive than they actually were

Answer 26

rosy retrospection

Question 27

classification of memories based on duration as sensory, short term, and long term

Answer 27

three-stage model

Question 28

memory for your sense information

Answer 28

sensory memory

Question 29

capacity and duration for sensory memory

Answer 29

capacity: unlimited duration: fractions of a second

Question 30

temporary storage system

Answer 30

short term memory

Question 31

capacity and duration of short term memory

Answer 31

capacity: 7+/- 2 units/pieces of info duration: about 30 seconds

Question 32

permanent storage

Answer 32

long term memory

Question 33

capacity and duration of long term memory

Answer 33

capacity: unlimited duration: unlimited

Question 34

once information enters short term memory (4 possibilities)

Answer 34

1. can go to long term storage 2. engage in rehearsal to keep repeating it in short term memory 3. use info in some way 4. loss of storage

Question 35

assuming info gets passed into long term memory (2 possibilities)

Answer 35

1. info gets lost over time 2. retrieve the information and pass it back to short term memory

Question 36

holds information in original sensory form for a brief period of time: fraction of a second

Answer 36

sensory memory

Question 37

sensory memory for visual information

Answer 37

iconic memory

Question 38

sensory memory for auditory information

Answer 38

echoic memory

Question 39

U shaped function describes that memory is best at the beginning and end of the list - memory for the stuff in the middle is poor

Answer 39

serial position curve

Question 40

within the broader curve, remembering stuff from the beginning

Answer 40

primacy effect

Question 41

good memory for items at the end of a list

Answer 41

recency effect

Question 42

you have worker systems that are responsible for processing information

Answer 42

working memory model

Question 43

takes care of memory for visual or spatial memory

Answer 43

visuospatial sketchpad

Question 44

short term memories for experiences that you have

Answer 44

episodic buffer

Question 45

processes auditory and/or linguistic information

Answer 45

phonological loop

Question 46

allocates mental resources to other subsystems

Answer 46

central executive

Question 47

memories for things you can consciously declare

Answer 47

explicit memory

Question 48

memories for personal/specific events

Answer 48

episodic memory

Question 49

memory for facts and information

Answer 49

semantic memory

Question 50

changes in behavior as a result of experience

Answer 50

implicit memory

Question 51

knowing how to carry out certain tasks

Answer 51

procedural memory

Question 52

previous experience influences future behavior

Answer 52

priming

Question 53

recalibration of perceptual skills from experience

Answer 53

perceptual learning

Question 54

learning about associations among stimuli

Answer 54

classical conditioning

Question 55

memories for events that never happened but were suggested by someone or something

Answer 55

false memory

Question 56

imagining what an experience would have been like if you experienced an event

Answer 56

imagination inflation

Question 57

memory from a real event that was encoded, stored, but not retrieved for a long period of time until some later events bring it to consciousness

Answer 57

recovered memories

Question 58

information learned after an original event is wrong or misleading but gets incorporated into the memory as true

Answer 58

misinformation effect

Question 59

weakening or loss of memories over timeq

Answer 59

forgetting

Question 60

disruption of memory because other information competes what we are trying to recall

Answer 60

interference

Question 61

old information makes it difficult to learn new information

Answer 61

proactive interference

Question 62

new information makes it difficult to recall old information

Answer 62

retroactive interference

Question 63

gradual fading of physical memory trace

Answer 63

decay

Question 64

if ___ is the reason why you forget something, you're never getting that memory back

Answer 64

decay

Question 65

results from inattention to a critical piece of information (never stored in memory to begin with)

Answer 65

encoding failure

Question 66

ex: never learned the information in the first place, so you are not able to retrieve

Answer 66

encoding failure

Question 67

inability to retrieve information that was once stored

Answer 67

blocking

Question 68

ex: tip of the tongue

Answer 68

blocking

Question 69

basic defense mechanism that banished anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

Answer 69

repression

Question 70

lose memory for things that happened prior to an injury

Answer 70

retrograde

Question 71

unable to form new memories

Answer 71

anterograde

Question 72

degenerative disease - gradually gets worse over time

Answer 72

dementia

Question 73

memory loss has a sudden onset - can be caused by viral infections

Answer 73

amnesia