Chapter 8: Learning

Question 1

when psychologists talk about learning, they are talking about

Answer 1

behaviors

Question 2

enduring changes in behavior that occur with experience

Answer 2

learning

Question 3

processes by which two pieces of information in the environment are linked, so we connect them in our minds

Answer 3

association

Question 4

principles of association:

Answer 4

contiguity, frequency, and similarity (CFS)

Question 5

nearness in time and space

Answer 5

contiguity

Question 6

how often something occurs

Answer 6

frequency

Question 7

how alike things are

Answer 7

similarity

Question 8

form of associative learning in which behaviors are triggered by associations with events in the environment

Answer 8

conditioning

Question 9

neutral stimulus becomes associated with stimulus which was automatic, inborn response

Answer 9

classical conditioning

Question 10

___ stimulus and ___ response are biologically hardwired, an innate response to a stimulus

Answer 10

unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response

Question 11

ex: dog salivates when it is given a treat

Answer 11

unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response

Question 12

leads to no kind of response

Answer 12

neutral stimulus

Question 13

ex: ring the bell and present the dog with food - the bell becomes a

Answer 13

conditioned stimulus

Question 14

ex: whether or not the dog learned to associat the bell with food

Answer 14

conditioned response

Question 15

dog salivating when it hears the bell - the salivating becomes a ____ to the bell

Answer 15

conditioned response

Question 16

initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship

Answer 16

acquisition

Question 17

conditioned stimulus comes before unconditioned stimulus (most effective)

Answer 17

forwarding conditioning

Question 18

ex: ringing the bell before the food

Answer 18

forwarding conditioning

Question 19

unconditioned stimulus comes before conditioned stimulus

Answer 19

backward conditioning

Question 20

ex: food first, then ring the bell

Answer 20

backward conditioning

Question 21

a new neutral stimulus can become a new conditioned stimulus

Answer 21

high-order conditioning

Question 22

ex: aunt –> arousal

Answer 22

high-order conditioning

Question 23

diminished responding when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 23

extinction

Question 24

tendency to respond with the conditioned response to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus

Answer 24

generalization

Question 25

learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli

Answer 25

discrimination

Question 26

ex: a turtle trained to be afraid of rabbits is shown a snake (no reaction)

Answer 26

discrimination

Question 27

ex: present a turtle trained to be afraid of bunnies with a mouse (shocked)

Answer 27

generalization

Question 28

consequences of a behavior increase or decrease likelihood the behavior will be repeated

Answer 28

law of effect

Question 29

process of changing behavior by manipulating consequences of that behavior

Answer 29

operant conditioning

Question 30

action is strengthened if followed by a

Answer 30

reinforcer

Question 31

action is diminished if followed by a

Answer 31

punisher

Question 32

strengthens response by following it with a pleasing stimulus

Answer 32

positive reinforcement

Question 33

strengthen response by removing something desirable

Answer 33

negative reinforcement

Question 34

unlearned and innately satisfying

Answer 34

primary reinforcers

Question 35

ex: using food and sleep as reinforcers

Answer 35

primary reinforcers

Question 36

are associated with primary reinforcers to achieve result

Answer 36

secondary reinforcers

Question 37

ex: money (use money to give you access to food, clothing, etc)

Answer 37

secondary reinforcer

Question 38

using reinforcers to gradually guide an animal's actions toward a desired behavior

Answer 38

shaping

Question 39

baby steps that get you closer to your desired behavior

Answer 39

successive approximations

Question 40

reinforce behavior every single time it occurs

Answer 40

continuous reinforcement

Question 41

reinforce behavior, but not every time it occurs

Answer 41

partial/intermittent reinforcement

Question 42

more resistant to extinction, but harder for organism to learn desired behavior

Answer 42

partial/intermittent reinforcement

Question 43

pros vs cons: organism quickly learns behavior but quickly distinguishes

Answer 43

continuous reinforcement

Question 44

reinforce behavior after certain number of responses

Answer 44

fixed ratio

Question 45

reinforce behavior after unpredictable number of responses

Answer 45

variable ratio

Question 46

reinforce first response after fixed amount of time

Answer 46

fixed interval

Question 47

reinforce first response after varying time interval

Answer 47

variable interval

Question 48

diminish response by following it with an unpleasant stimulus

Answer 48

positive punishment

Question 49

diminish response by removing a desired stimulus

Answer 49

negative punishment

Question 50

learned behavior that shifts toward instinctive, unlearned tendencies

Answer 50

instinctive drift

Question 51

view on learning which proposes that some behaviors are inherently more likely to be learned than others

Answer 51

biological constraint model

Question 52

learning that occurs in absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later when reinforcement occurs

Answer 52

latent learning