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Anatomy 2 > Chapter 15: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Respiratory System Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system

A

gas exchange, control pH, Vocal communication, innate immunity

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2
Q

What is included in the upper respiratory tract

A

external nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx

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3
Q

What is included in the lower respiratory tracts

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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4
Q

What tissue is the mucous membrane lined with

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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5
Q

What type of tissue are alveoli made of

A

simple squamous epithelium

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6
Q

What are type 1 Pneumocytes

A

simple squamous epithelial cells

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7
Q

What are type 2 pneumocytes (septal cells)

A

surfactant

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8
Q

what is a surfactant

A

keeps alveoli inflated

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9
Q

What type of disease infects Type 2 Pneumocytes

A

SARCS-CoV-2

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10
Q

What are “dust” cells

A

macrophages that phagocytizes particles

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11
Q

What are some respiratory distress syndromes

A

Infant respiratory distress syndrome, Adult respiratory distress syndrome, and Severe acute respiratory syndrome

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12
Q

What does the respiratory membrane consist of?

A

alveolar epithelium, capillary epithelium, and shared basement membrane

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13
Q

What are the layers of the lung, outer to inner

A

parietal pleura, pleural cavity, visceral pleura

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14
Q

What is the purpose of serous fluid

A

it acts as a lubricant and holds the pleural membranes together

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15
Q

what is pleurisy and what does it do?

A

it is inflammation of pleural membranes; causes difficulty breathing (dyspnea)

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16
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have and what are they called

A

3; superior, middle, inferior

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17
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have and what are they called

A

2; superior, inferior

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18
Q

pleural cavity pressure is _______

A

negative

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19
Q

serous fluid creates ___________

A

surface adhesion between H2O and membranes

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20
Q

What is compliance

A

how easily the lungs expand

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21
Q

What is pneumothorax

A

air enters the chest

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22
Q

what is atelectasis

A

a lung collapse

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23
Q

What are the side effects of cigarette smoking

A

paralyzed cilia, increase mucous, decreased oxygen carrying capacity, carbon particles, macrophages

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24
Q

what are the side effects of vaping

A

small airway fibrosis, constrictive bronchiolitis, overexpression of MUC5AC gel protein in airway

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25
What does COPD stand for
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
26
what is COPD
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis
27
What is emphysema
reduced elasticity and reduced alveolar surface area
28
Changes in _______ result in changes in ________
volume; pressure
29
Air flows from an area of _____________ to an area of _________ along a __________
higher pressure; lower pressure; gradient
30
atmospheric pressure = ________________
intrapulmonary pressure (no air movement)
31
What is Boyle's Law
the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume
32
quiet inspiration is _____
active
33
what muscles are used during quiet inspiration
diaphragm (phrenic nerves) and external intercostals
34
When your diaphragm is relaxed volume _______ and pressure _______
decreases; increases
35
When you diaphragm is contracting, volume _______ and pressure ________
increases; decreases
36
Deeper breathing involves which muscles
serratus anterior, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor
37
quiet expiration is a ______ process, meaning there is no ________
passive; active muscle contraction
38
air moves out because intra-alveolar pressure is ______ than atmospheric pressure
lower
39
Forced expiration uses which muscles
Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
40
What is Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
in a mixture of gases, the total pressure equals the sum of each gas' partial pressure
41
What is the value for atmospheric pressure
760 mm Hg
42
When is the rate of diffusion faster?
when the gradient is steeper
43
What is the respiratory membrane thickness
it is thin to facilitate gas exchange
44
What is the total surface area of the lungs
alveolar surface area of each lung would cover a tennis court
45
CO2 is ______in the blood and ______ in the alveoli
higher; lower
46
CO2 move into the _____
alveoli
47
O2 moves into the _____
blood
48
What percentage of O2 binds to Hemoglobin
98.5%
49
what does the binding of O2 to hemoglobin form
oxyhemoglobin, HbO2
50
what percent of O2 dissolves into plasma
1.5%
51
Tissue conditions that enhance oxygen unloading (release) from hemoglobin are because of
low O2, low pH, high PCO2, high temp
52
Hb affinity for _______ is much ________ than for O2
CO; higher
53
How much CO2 is in plasma
7%
54
how much CO2 is attached to hemoglobin
23%
55
What is the name of CO2 binding to hemoglobing
carbaminohemaglobin
56
What percent of CO2 is converted to bicarbonate ions
70%
57
The enzyme, carbonic anhydrase quickly catalyzes what reaction
CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3 --> H+ +HCO3-
58
What buffers H+
hemoglobin
59
What is the Bohr Effect
low tissue pH --> Hb releases O2 to tissues
60
What is Chloride Shift
Bicarbonate ions move out of RBC and Chloride ion move into RBCs
61
What is the responsibility of the Respiratory Center of Medulla Oblongata
controls the basic rhythm of breathing
62
What is the dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
quiet breathing, contraction of diaphragm
63
What is the ventral respiratory group (VRP)
forced breathing
64
What is the pontine respiratory group (PONS)
transition between breaths
65
What is the Hering-Breuer reflex
stretch receptors around the alveoli and airway prevent overinflation; more important in newborn and infants
66
What do the carotid and aortic body chemoreceptors do?
monitor arterial blood
67
what do the medulla oblongata chemoreceptors do
monitor CSF
68
What do chemoreceptors respond to in the control of breathing
changes in CO2, O2, and pH
69
What are some other stimuli for the carotid and aortic body chemoreceptors
high PCO2, low pH, low PO2 in arterial blood
70
What is the process of causing stimulus in medulla oblongata chemoreceptors
CO2 moves into the CSF and forms H+ which bind to the central chemoreceptors
71
What is the most important chemical regulator of respiration
CO2
72
What is the purpose of control of breathing
homeostasis of pH when carbonic acid decreases the pH of blood

Anatomy 2 (8 decks)

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