Final Exam! Flashcards by Theran Schmitt

what is the pathway of a RBC through the kidney

renal artery
segmental artery
interlobar artery
arcuate artery
cortical radiate artery
afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries (vasa recta, juxtamedullary nephron)
cortical rediate vein
arcuate vein
interlobar vein
renal vein

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What are the functions of the urinary system

excretion, regulation of blood volume and blood pressure, regulation of plasma ions, regulation of extracellular fluid pH, regulation of nutrients and vitamin D synthesis, regulation of erythrocyte production (EPO, eyrthroprotein)

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What are two major parts of the nephron

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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what are the two parts of the renal corpuscle

bowman’s capsule, glomerulus

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what are the three parts of the renal tubule

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule

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what are the three parts of the filtration membrane

podocyte cell processes, basement membrane, fenestrated capillary

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what is the name of the vessel that brings blood to the glomerulus

afferent arteriole

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blood is filtered across the _________

filtration membrane

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what is the name of the vessel that blood exits the glomerulus through

efferent arteriole

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what are the steps to urine formation

filtration
reabsorption
secretion

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where does filtration in urine formation take place

the renal corpuscle

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where does reabsorption in urine formation take place

along the PCT

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where does secretion in urine formation take place

along the PCT

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what is the path of a water molecule through the kidney

renal corpuscle
PCT
Descending limb of nephron loops
loop of henle
ascending limb of nephron limn
DCT
collecting duct
papillary duct
renal papilla
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
urethral orifice
urinary bladder
internal urethral orifice
urethra
internal urethral sphincter
external urethral sphincter
external urethral orifice

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What is the glomerular capillary pressure

50 mm Hg

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which force promotes filtration

glomerular capillary pressure

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what are the opposing forces of glomerular capillary pressure

colloid osmotic pressure and capsular pressure

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what is colloid osmotic pressure

30 mm Hg

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what is capsular pressure

10 mm Hg

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What is the net filtration pressure

10 mm Hg

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How does filtration work?

the direction of the force moves material out of the blood and into the Bowman capsule

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List examples of filterable molecules

water
ions (sodium, potassium, chloride)
nutrients (glucose, amino acids)
wastes (urea, uric acid, creatinine)

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list examples of what is too large to filter

blood cells
plasma proteins

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How is the PCT modified for reabsorption

the brush border

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how does Na+ get transported

active transport (Na/K pump)

How does Cl- get transported

passive transport, follows Na+

how does glucose get transported

passive transport, facilitated diffusion active transport, co-transport w/ Na+

how does water get transported

osmosis

What molecules have a fixed number of carrier proteins for reabsorption

glucose and amino acids

What happens when the number of glucose molecules exceeds the number of carrier proteins

glucose appears in the urine

what is the term for increased urine production

diuresis

what is osmotic diuresis

increased water loss from excess solutes in urine

what causes osmotic diuresis

diabetes mellitus

What ion drives reabsorption of solutes and water

sodium

hydrogen ions are secreted when sodium is reabsorbed through

countertransport

65% of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the

PCT

100% of what molecules are reabsorbed

glucose, amino acids

What percent of sodium ions are reabsorbed

80%

the descending limb is permeable to

water

the ascending limb is permeable to

NaCl

what is the name for medications that act on the loop of henle and inhibit Na+, Cl-, and K+ reabsorption

loop diuretics

what hormone causes K+ secretion and Na+ reabsorption

aldosterone

Why are hydrogen ions secreted

to balance pH

what is the use of drugs like penicillin

to prevent toxicity

DCT is primarily responsible for

secretions

What is the stimulus for the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

low BP or low glomerular filtration rate

What is normal glomerular filtration rate

125 mL/min

What is the result of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

increased BP increased Blood Volume

What type of feedback mechanism is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

negative feedback

What does aldosterone target

the DCT

What usually causes a UTI

E. coli

the inability to voluntarily control urination

incontinence

urination

micturition

bladder infection

cystitis

drugs to promote urination

diuretics

painful of difficult urination

dysuria

what is hypernatremia

elevated blood sodium

what is hyponatremia

deficiency of blood sodium

what is hyperkalemia

elevated blood potassium

what is hypokalemia

deficiency of blood potassium

what is hypercalcemia

elevated blood calcium

what is hypocalcemia

deficiency of blood calcium

What senses increased blood solute concentration or large decrease is BP

osmoreceptors

What does ADH target

DCT and collecting ducts

what is an antagonist of aldosterone

ANH

What does ANH inhibit and promote

inhibits Na+ resorption promotes water loss

how does caffeine affect urine production

inhibits Na+ and other ion reabsorption increases urine volume/output

how does alcohol affect urine production

inhibits release of ADH

What is ADH effect on urine output

decrease

what is ANH effect on urine output

increase

What controls micturition

the parasympathetic nervous system

What is the amount of urine that signals the urge to urinate

200 mL

What are the steps to micturition reflex

stretch receptors signal parasympathetic neurons parasympathetic neurons in sacral region cause contractions of detrusor muscle external urethral sphincter relaxes then internal urethral sphincter relaxes when urine exceeds 500mL the internal and external sphincter are forced open

What is the composition of Urine

95% water urea creatinine uric acid

where does urea come from

amino acid catabolism

where does creatinine come from

muscle metabolism

where does uric acid come from

nucleic acid catabolism

what is glycosuria

presence of glucose

what is ketonuria

presence of ketones

what is albuminuria/proteinuria

present of protein or albumin

what is bilirubinuria

presence of bile pigments

what is hematuria

presence of RBCs

what is pyruria

presence of WBCs

what delivers fluids and solutes to the interstitium

plasma

high osmotic pressure attracts

water

high osmolarity =

high NaCl

what are the major electrolytes

sodium, potassium, calcium

what regulates Na concentrations

aldosterone

what are the major functions of sodium

fluid and pH balance

what regulates K concentrations

aldosterone

what are the major functions of potassium

fluid balance

what regulate Ca concentrations

PTH

what can the 3 electrolytes all function in

muscle contraction, nerve impulse conduction, heart action

what is the normal blood acidity range

7.35-7.45

when PCO2 rises, pH _____

falls

when PCO2 falls, pH

rises

When blood pH is less than 7.35, there is a low

Blood HCO3-

when blood pH is greater than 7.35, there is a high

blood HCO3-

term for low blood HCO3-

metabolic acidosis

term for high blood HCO3-

metabolic alkalosis

how long does renal compensation take to kick in

3-5 days

what happens during renal compensation

H+ is secreted and bicarbonate is reabsorbed

What is in the ICF

cytoplasm

What is in the ECF

interstitial fluid, plasma, bone and dense connective tissue

What are the stages of meiosis and meiosis too

early prophase 1 middle prophase 1 metaphase 1 anaphase 1 telophase 1 prophase 2 metaphase 2 anaphase 2 telophase 2

what is the end result of meiosis 1 regarding chromosomes

separate homologous pairs

what is the end result of meiosis 2 regarding chormosomes

separation of sister chromatids

what is cryptorchidism

a condition where the testes don't descend properly, requires surgically correction

how does cryptorchidism effect fertility

men with this condition are infertile due to sperm needing a lower body temp in order to be viable

What is spermatogenesis

sperm formation

what is the purpose of interstitial cells

produce testosterone

what is the purpose of nurse cells

nourish developing spermatocytes

what is the function of the rete testis

maze like tubules where seminiferous tubules combine as they leave the testis

what do sperm use for ATP productions

fructose

what is capacitation

sperm become active, motile and fully functional; requires contact with seminal vesicle secretions, female reproductive tract secretions

What is the process of sperm formation

spermatogonia primary spermatocytes secondary spermatocyte spermatid spermatozoa

what is the pathway of sperm through the male reproductive system

testis seminiferous tubules rete testis epididymis vas deferens ejaculatory duct prostatic urethra membranous urethra penile urethra external urethral orifice

What are the functions of seminal vesicles

alkaline secretions, provide fructose to flagellum, secretion of prostaglandins

what are the functions of the prostate

acidic secretions, seminalplasmin

what are the functions of the bulbourethral glands

thick, alkaline mucus, neutralize acids, lubricate the glans penis

Where does GnRH come from

hypothalamus

when does GnRH begin being secreted

puberty

where does FSH and LH come from

anterior pituitary

what is the function of FSH and LH

target the gonads

What stimulates testosterone from interstitial cells

what stimulates inhibin from sustentacular cells

FSH

What type of feedback mechanism effect does Inhibin have on the anterior pituitary in order to reduce FSH secretion

negative feedback

What are the functions of testosterone

Maturation of sperm maintain accessory organs secondary sex characteristics

what is the pathway of sperm through the female reproductive tract

vagina external os cervical canal internal os uterine cavity uterine tube

where does fertilization occur

the upper third of the uterine tube

What are the stages of follicular development

primordial follicle primary follicle secondary follicle mature follicle corpus luteum corpus albicans

What are the stages of the ovarian cycle

follicular phase ovulation luteal phase

in what stage of the ovarian cycle is estrogen most present

follicular phase

in what stage of the ovarian cycle is progesterone most present

luteal phase

What are the stages of the uterine cycle

menses proliferative phase secretory phase

what are the function of estrogen

bone and muscle growth female secondary characteristics sex drive accessory reproductive organs build up of endometrial cells

What are the characteristics of menopause

ovaries unresponsive to FSH and LH, decreased estrogen levels

what are the characteristics of andropause

male climacteric, decline in testosterone production, more gradual that menopause