Chapter 16: Digestive System Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
What are the parts of the small intestine in order?
A
Duodenum, Jejunum, ileum
2
Q
What are the parts of the large intestine in order?
A
cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anus
3
Q
what are the functions of the digestive system
A
ingestion and mastication, digestion, absorption of nutrients, elimination
4
Q
What is mechanical digestion
A
physical breakdown of food (chewing)
5
Q
what is chemical digestion
A
chemical breakdown of food (amylase)
6
Q
what are simple sugars absorbed from
A
carbohydrates
7
Q
what are amino acids absorbed from
A
proteins
8
Q
what are fatty acids and monoglycerides absorbed from
A
lipids
9
Q
what are the macronutrients
A
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
10
Q
what is the nutrient pool’s purpose
A
it is needed for ATP production and building molecules
11
Q
what are the four layers of the digestive tract (inner to outer)
A
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
12
Q
what is the mucosa
A
stratified squamous epithelium and simple columnar epithelium that lines the inside of the digestive tract
13
Q
what is the submucosa
A
loose connective tissue, blood vessels, lacteals, nerve fibers
14
Q
what is the muscularis
A
smooth muscle; composed of inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer
15
Q
what is the serosa
A
the visceral peritoneum
16
Q
what is the purpose of the lesser omentum and the greater omentum
A
adipose storage
17
Q
what is the term for organs that are outside the peritoneum
A
retroperitoneal
18
Q
what are the retroperitoneal organs
A
pancreas, kidney, duodenum
19
Q
what is mastication
A
chewing
20
Q
where is the parotid gland located
A
in front of the ear
21
Q
where is the submandibular gland located
A
under the angle of the mandible
22
Q
where is the sublingual gland located
A
under the tongue
23
Q
what is the term for a ball of food mixed with saliva
A
bolus
24
Q
what is the term for an enzyme that breaks starch into maltose
A
salivary amylase
25
what is deglutition
swallowing
26
maltose is the product of what, after amylase breaks it down
starch
27
Where does peristalsis occur
the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine
28
What is peristalsis
wave-like contractions that move food forward along the digestive tract
29
What is the term for an opening in the diaphragm where the esophagus connects to the stomach
esophageal hiatus
30
what is the name of the sphincter where the esophagus and stomach meet
lower esophageal sphincter
31
What is the term for the stomach and/or intestines pushing up into the esophageal hiatus
hiatal hernia (diaphragmatic hernia)
32
What are some complications associate with hiatal hernias
barrett's' esophagus
33
what does barretts esophagus do to the body
causes cancer and a changes in the lining
34
What is a more common form of hiatal hernia
sliding hernia
35
what is the less common but more serious form of a hiatal hernia
paraesophageal hernia
36
What is the term for an overgrowth of the pyloric sphincter that results in projectile vomiting that can occur in the first 6 months of life and more commonly in males
hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
37
What is the term for narrow openings of gastric glands
gastric pits
38
What are 4 cell types of the gastric glands
mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, endocrine cells
39
what is the purpose of mucous neck cells
produce mucus
40
what is the purpose of parietal cells
produce HCl and IF
41
what is the purpose of chief cells
produce pepsinogen
42
what is the purpose of endocrine cells
produce gastrin
43
What does protein digestion in the stomach involve
pepsinogen and hydrochloric acid
44
What happens in the stomach lumen during protein digestion
pepsinogen becomes pepsin which is activated by HCl; pepsin is then able to break protein down into polypeptides
45
What is intrinsic factor
fluid produced by the stomach that is necessary for absorption of B12
46
what happens when there is a lack of B12 in the body
pernicious anemia
47
What is the term for localized contractions that keep chyme in a small region of the small intestine and enhances chemical digestion and absorption through this process
segmental contraction
48
what is the origin of gastrin
stomach, duodenum
49
what is the target of gastrin
stomach
50
what is the action of gastrin
promotes gastric secretions (HCl and pepsinogen) and increases gastric mobility
51
what is the origin of cholecystokinin
stomach, gallbladder, pancreas
52
what is the action of cholecystokinin
inhibits gastric secretions and mobility (slows empty); stimulates the release of bile into duodenum; stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes
53
what is the cause of hunger
ghrelin
54
What are structures that increase surface area in the digestive tract
plicae, villi, microvilli
55
what are plicae
wrinkles in the lining of the small intestine, macroscopic
56
what are villi
macroscopic type fingerlike projections on intestinal wall
57
what are microvilli
microscopic fingerlike projections on cell membrane
58
what do microvilli compose
the brush border
59
what are lacteals
lymphatic capillaries in villi - absorb dietary fat
60
what type of epithelium is along the small intestine
simple columnar epithelium
61
what is the term for "pulpy/pasty" food mixed with digestive juices
chyme
62
what are the functions of peptidases
turn peptides into amino acids
63
what is the function of sucrase
turn sucrose into glucose and fructose
64
what is the function of maltase
turn maltose into two glucose
65
what is the function of lactase
turn lactose into glucose and galactose
66
what is the function of lipase
turn triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides
67
stretch reflexes stimulate the movement of food along the digestive tract by
activating the vagus nerve/parasympathetic division
68
what are carbohydrates broken down into
polysaccharides --> disaccharides --> monosaccharides
69
what are the functional units of the liver
liver lobules
70
what are hepatocytes and what do they do
liver cells, produce bile
71
what do bile canaliculi do
transport bile to hepatic ducts
72
what are Kuppfer cells
liver macrophages (acts as phagocytes)
73
what is the function of the gall bladder
store bile
74
what is the term for gall stones
cholelithiasis
75
what is the term for inflammation of the gallbladder
cholecystitis
76
what is the term for the removal of the gallbladder
cholecystectomy
77
what does chole mean
bile
78
what does lithos mean
stone
79
what does cystic mean
bladder
80
what is the composition of bile
bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, water
81
what is emulsification
the mixing of fats with water
82
what is a term for the yellow-orange appearance of skin caused by bile pigments accumulating under the skin
jaundice
83
what is the term for inflammation of the liver
hepatitis
84
what can hepatitis cause
jaundice
85
What are the functions of the liver
digestion, nutrient storage, nutrient conversion, detoxify, synthesize plasma proteins
86
what does the liver store
glucose as glycogen, fat-soluble vitamins, iron
87
what is a nutrient conversion that takes place in the liver
amino acids to fat or glucose
88
what does the liver do to detoxify the body
convert ammonia to urea, detox alchohol
89
what is another term for endocrine cells
pancreatic islets
90
what are the pancreatic islets
alpha cells and beta cells
91
what do alpha cells do
produce glucagon
92
what do beta cells do
produce insulin
93
what do acini cells do
produce enzymes and sodium bicarbonate and release them into ducts
94
What does pancreatic amylase do
turn starch into maltose
95
what does pancreatic lipase do
turn triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides
96
what does trypsin (trypsinogen - inactive) do
turn polypeptides into peptides
97
what does chymotrypsin (chymotrypsinogen - inactive) do
turn polypeptides into peptides
98
what does carboxypeptidase (procarboxypeptidase - inactive) do
turn peptides into amino acids
99
What does secretin do
stimulate release of sodium bicarbonate, reduces acidity (increases pH) of chyme
100
what does cholecystokinin do
stimulates pancreatic enzyme release
101
what is the term for inflamed rectal veins
hemorrhoids
102
what type of muscle controls the internal anal sphincter
smooth muscle
103
what type of muscle controls the external anal sphincter
skeletal muscle
104
what anal sphincter do you have control over
the external anal sphincter
105
What are the functions of the large intestine
absorption (water, vitamins, bile pigments, bile salts, toxins); production of vitamins by microbiome
106
what vitamins are produced by the large intestine
b and k vitamins through use of gut microbes
107
what are mass movements
powerful contractions that moves feces to end of digestive tract
108
when do mass movements occur and where
after a meal; only in the large intestine
109
glucose and amino acids are absorbed by _______ with ____ and __________ and transported with blood
cotransport; sodium ions; facilitated diffusion
110
what are the steps during lipid absorption and transport
bile emulsifies fat --> triglycerides are affected by lipase ---> fatty acids and monoglycerides formed --> interact with bile salts to form micelles
111
what are the three types of lipoproteins
chylomicron, LDL, HDL
112
Which lipoprotein makes up a very small amount of cholesterol
chylomicron
113
which lipoproteins makes up a majority of cholesterol
LDL, HDL
114
Which lipoprotein is considered healthy fat
HDL
115
which lipoprotein is formed inside the small intestine cells
chylomicron
116
which lipoprotein has the highest proportion of fat
chylomicron
117
which lipoprotein is absorbed by lacteals
chylomicron
118
why are proteases release in inactive form
because if released in active form, they will react with our body cells
