Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychology 105 > Chapter 15 - Stress, health, and coping > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Stress, health, and coping Flashcards

(65 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Stress can be viewed in three different ways:

A
  • stimulus
  • response
  • as an organism-environment interaction (transaction)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Microstressors

A

Daily hassles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Catastrophic events

A
  • Occur unexpectedly

* Affect large #’s of people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Major Negative Events

A

• Intensely stressful life events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Stressor types

A
  • microstressors
  • catastrophic events
  • major negative events
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Life Events Scale

A
  • Quantify stress over a given period of time
  • Indicate whether a particular event occurred
  • Appraisal of being positive or negative
  • Indicate amount of control, predictability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The Stress Response

A
  1. Primary appraisal = demands of situation
    • What do I have to do?
  2. Secondary appraisal = resources available to cope
    • How can I cope?
  3. Judgments of consequences of situation
    •What are the ‘costs’ to me?
  4. Personal meaning - what does the outcome imply
    • What does this say about my beliefs in myself? World?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome = GAS

A
  • Physiological reaction to prolonged stress

* Three Phases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Three phases of General Adaptation Syndrome = GAS

A
  1. Alarm
  2. Resistance
  3. Exhaustion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Alarm - 1st phase -similar to ‘fight or flight’

A
  • Activates sympathetic nervous system
  • Release stress hormones = Cortisol
    • Triggers increase in blood sugars
    • Suppresses immune system
  • Cannot last indefinitely
    • Parasympathetic system tries to restore homeostasis
    • If stressor persists - so does response!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Resistance – 2nd phase

A
  • Continued recruitment of resources
  • Can last long time, but resources being depleted
  • Eventually are no longer sufficient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Exhaustion – 3rd phase

A
  • Resources depleted
  • Increased vulnerability to disease
  • Can manifest itself with cardiovascular problems; immune system difficulties
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Effects of stress on psychological well-being most dramatic in those who have experienced

A

catastrophic life events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

More negative life events = more

A

psychological distress

• But, correlational so cannot determine causality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Neuroticism - personality trait

A

increased tendency to:
• experience negative emotions
• get themselves into stressful situations through their maladaptive behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

PTSD Symptoms

A
  • Severe anxiety, physiological arousal (the stress response), and distress
  • Painful, uncontrollable reliving of the event(s) in flashbacks, dreams, and fantasies

• Emotional numbing and avoidance of stimuli
associated with the trauma

•intense “survivor guilt” sometimes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The Residential School Syndrome

A
  • Individuals symptoms include recurrent intrusive memories, nightmares, flashbacks
  • Increased risk of alcohol and drug abuse at young age
  • Emotional detachment, relationship difficulties
  • Loss of and avoidance of culture, and anger issues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Stress linked with increase in

A

chronic conditions

  • Arthritis, bronchitis, emphysema
  • Stress can be precursor to health problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Other consequences of stress

A

• Decrease immune function
• Demonstrated to occur within 24 hours
• Worsen pre-existing conditions
• Stress hormones contribute to blocked arteries
• Deterioration of hippocampus and memory
impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Vulnerability Factors

A

• Increase susceptibility to stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What Reduces Resistance?

A
  • Lack of support network
  • Poor coping skills
  • Pessimism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Protective Factors against stress

A

• Social support, coping skills,optimism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Social Support

A
  • Blunts impact of stress
  • Sense of identity, meaning
  • May prevent maladaptive ways of coping
  • Enhances immune system (cancer patients)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why do some people suffer psychological and/or physiological distress and others do not?

A

• Hardiness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Hardiness
• Commitment - What they do is important • Control - Control (perceived) over situation (Strongest) • Challenge - Situation is a challenge not a threat
26
Coping Self-Efficacy
• Belief we can successfully cope ``` Increased efficacy from: • Previous successes • Observing others • Social persuasion / encouragement • Low levels of arousal ``` • Increase immune system functioning
27
Optimists have
* Appraisal of being less helpless * Better adjustment to negative life events * Sense of less helplessness * Better health
28
Type A
* High levels of competitiveness and ambition | * Can be aggressive and hostile
29
Type B
• More relaxed, agreeable
30
Spiritual beliefs
• Can help with effective coping • Certain religious beliefs can have negative effect on adjustment - E.g., Being punished; Guilt
31
Which strategy is best for coping with stress ?
• Problem focused & Seeking social support
32
Coping strategies
1) problem-focused coping 2) emotion-focused coping 3) seeking social support (Effectiveness depends on situation for each)
33
Problem-focused coping
- planning - active coping and problem solving - show restraint - assertive confrontation
34
Emotion-focused coping
- positive reinterpretation - acceptance - denial - repression - escape-avoidance - wishful thinking - control feelings
35
Seeking social support
- help and guidance - emotional support - affirmation of worth - tangible aid (money)
36
Expressing emotions in an adaptive manner
• Long-term positive consequences on health
37
Inability to express negative feelings has costs
• Higher likelihood of cancer
38
Research suggests that the impact of disclosure
lessens over time
39
Gender Differences in coping methods
• Males - Favour problem-focused approach • Females - Favour emotion-focused approach
40
Cultural differences in coping methods
* Problem focused = North Americans & Europeans | * Emotion-focused = Asians & Hispanics
41
Health Psychology
* Recognizes the role that behaviour plays in health maintenance * Studies psychological and behavioural factors in the prevention and treatment of illness and in the maintenance of health
42
Health-related behaviours fall into two categories:
* Health-enhancing behaviours | * Health-compromising behaviours
43
Health-enhancing behaviours
* Serve to maintain or increase health | * Exercise, healthy diets, safe sexual practices, regular medical checkups, and breast and testicular self- examination
44
Health-compromising behaviours
* Promote the development of illness | * Smoking, fatty diets, a sedentary lifestyle, and unprotected sexual activity
45
How People Change: The Transtheoretical Model
6 Major Stages: • Precontemplation (no desire to change) • Contemplation (desire to change) • Preparation (plans to change, no action yet) • Action • Maintenance (avoid relapse) • Termination (permanent change)
46
Increasing Behaviours That Enhance Health
Exercise • Sedentary lifestyle & health problems - E.g., Heart disease, obesity
47
Benefits of exercise
• Aerobic exercise - Oxygen better utilized; lower cholesterol levels - Moderate levels of exercise produce best results * Physical health * Longevity
48
Aerobic exercise: sustained | activity
• Such as jogging, swimming, and bicycling • Elevates heart rate and increases the body’s need for oxygen
49
Reducing Behaviours That Impair Health
* Behavioural interventions * Self-monitoring * Reinforcement for successes * Exercise
50
Behavioural interventions
* Self-monitoring & self-regulation | * Behavioural self-regulation
51
Self-monitoring
Identify roots/causes for behaviour
52
Prevention Programs: AIDS
``` 4 Basic features • Education • Motivation • Specific guidelines • Support ```
53
Challenge with AIDS prevention program
• Irrational sense of invulnerability among adolescents & young adults
54
Motivational Interviewing
* Goal: Lead person to their own conclusion * Process: Question discrepancies between current state & self-image, behaviours * Counsellor: Provides guidelines, feedback
55
Aversion therapy
Undesired behaviour associated with aversive stimulus (shock)
56
Relaxation and stress management training
Help person adapt and deal with stressful situations. (Mindful meditation)
57
Multimodal Treatment Approaches
• Combination of techniques ``` Can include: • Biological measures • Learning techniques • Stress management • Coping skills • Counselling ```
58
Relapse =
return to undesirable behaviour
59
Lapse =
‘one-time’ slip
60
Increased self efficacy decreases the chances of a
Relapse
61
What causes relapse?
* Insufficient coping skills * Lack of self-efficacy * Expected positive benefits from substance
62
Abstinence violation effect
• Self-blame & guilt reinforce sense of helplessness
63
Harm Reduction Approaches to Prevention
* Significant positive effects | * Seen with brief interventions on binge drinking
64
Harm Reduction
* Goal is not to eliminate behaviour but to reduce harmful effects * Methadone, reduction of binge drinking, needle exchange programs
65
Positive psychology
* Uses the scientific method and the research tools that psychologists have developed to study human behaviour * Focus on positive experience and well-being * Does not mean that psychology should ignore negative experience and illness

Psychology 105 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions