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Psychology 105 > Chapter 9 - Language And Thinking > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Language And Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

Psycholinguistics

A

• The scientific study of the psychological aspects of

language

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2
Q

Grammar

A

• The set of rules that dictate how symbols can be

combined to create meaningful units of communication

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3
Q

Semantics

A

Meaning of words

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4
Q

Generatively

A

Combine symbols to generate an infinite number of

messages that can have novel meaning

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5
Q

Displacement

A

• Can communicate about events and objects not physically present
• Past, future, imaginary events, can be symbolically
represented

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6
Q

Surface structure

A

Consists of ways symbols are combined

  • syntax
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7
Q

Syntax

A

Rules for combinations (grammar)

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8
Q

Deep structure

A

Underlying meaning of combined symbols

  • semantics
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9
Q

Semantics

A

Rules for connecting the symbols

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10
Q

Phonemes

A
  • Smallest units of sound recognized as separate • Do not correspond to letters of alphabet • Humans can produce 100s of phonemes
  • No language uses all
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11
Q

Morphemes

A

• Smallest units of meaning • Combination of phonemes

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12
Q

Syntax

A

Syntax determines how phonemes combine into
morphemes
• Some are single letters (s, ed)
• Some are single syllable words (hat, bat)

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13
Q

What’s the order of language structure

A

Phonemes - morphemes - words - phrases - sentences

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14
Q

The role of bottom-up processing

A

Individual elements of a stimulus are analyzed and

then combined to form a unified perception

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15
Q

The role of top-down processing

A

• Sensory information is interpreted in light of existing
knowledge, concepts, ideas, and expectations

  • speech segmentation
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16
Q

Speech segmentation

A

Perceiving where each word within a spoken sentence

begins

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17
Q

Bro as area

A

Speech formation, overlap with primary motor cortex, associated with hand movements and language

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18
Q

Wernickes area

A

Speech understanding

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19
Q

Damage to either the wernickes area or Broca’s area can result in

A

Aphasia: permenant / temporary damage to perception of language

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20
Q

Sex differences in the brain

A

Neural systems seem to show differences in males and females

MALES: activation in left hemisphere, more aphasia symptoms
FEMALES: activation of both hemispheres, less symptoms

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21
Q

Infants (1-3 months) learn to

A

Vocalize entire range of phenomes

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22
Q

6-12 months age:

A

discriminate sounds specific to

native language

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23
Q

Language acquisition device (LAD)

A

All languages would have nouns or verbs and rules that are applied to them. Every language is different. Switches are turned on or off for each language. Calibrating your brain to learn the language.

(Focus on biological side)

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24
Q

Child directed speech

A

Baby talk or high pitch talk

25
Operant conditioning
• Positive reinforcement of appropriate language • Nonreinforcement /correction of inappropriate language By B.F skinner
26
Evidence Against Operant Conditioning
* Children learn words quickly * Parents don’t correct grammar * (correct deep structure errors)
27
Language acquisition support system (LASS)
• Represents social factors in the environment that | facilitate language learning
28
Telographic speech
Not proper framer but the message still is present “want cookie”
29
Learning a second language | • Learned best & spoken most fluently when acquired in
sensitive period
30
Bilingualism is associated with greater
thinking flexibility, higher | performance on intelligence tests
31
Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
• Language determines what we are capable of | thinking • Current view = language influences thinking
32
Influences of Language
* How we think * How efficiently we categorize experiences * How much detail we attend to
33
Language influences
- Perceptions - Decisions - Conclusions drawn
34
Propositional Thought
•Expresses a statement, such as “I’m hungry” or “It’s almost time for dinner”
35
Imaginal Thought
• Consists of images that we can see, hear, or feel in our mind
36
Motoric thought
• Relates to mental representations of motor | movements, such as throwing an object
37
Propositions
* Statements that express ideas | * Consist of concepts combined in a particular way
38
Concepts
• Basic units of semantic memory
39
Prototypes
* Most elementary method of forming concepts * Only note similarities * Children’s early concepts based on prototypes
40
Propositions
* Not psychologically equivalent - even if logically so * Can influence decisions * 60% survival rate versus 40% fatal outcome
41
Deductive Reasoning
* Reason from general principles to a conclusion * Useful process in forming hypotheses General principles assumed universally —> asset ‘fit’ to specific instance —> conclusion regarding individual case
42
Inductive Reasoning
• Start with specific facts and try to develop a general principle Factual info -> evaluate facts -> formulate general principle
43
Emotions and framing
The same info can be structured in a diff way
44
Stumbling blocks in reasoning
- distraction by irrelevant info - belief bias - emotions and framing
45
Fair stages of problem solving
1) interpret (frame) and understand problem 2) generate hypothesis or possible solutions 3) test solution, seeking to disconfirm one or more of them 4) evaluate results, if needed revise 1,2,3
46
Framing a problem
* Mental representation | * Optimal framing = better chance for solutions
47
Generating Solutions when understanding a problem
• Which procedures and explanations will be considered • Which solutions are consistent with observable evidence
48
Mental set
Tendency to stick to solutions that have worked in the past • Fixated with an approach if it has been successful in past
49
Algorithms
• Formulas or procedures that automatically generate correct solutions • E.g. mathematical and chemical formulas
50
Heuristic
• General problem-solving strategies we apply to certain situations - Mental short cuts • E.g. means-ends analysis
51
Subgoal analysis
break it down to uptainable steps in order to reach the goal
52
Representativeness Heuristic
``` • What does it look like / seem like / represent? • How closely something fits prototype for a particular Uncertainty, Heuristics, and Decision Making concept • Used to determine class membership ```
53
Availability Heuristic | And the problem with it
• Judgments & decisions are based on availability of information in memory • Problem - just because information is in the ‘forefront’ of our memories does not mean it frequently happens
54
Functional Fixedness
* Fixed in perception of proper function an object | * Blinded to new ways to use object
55
Incubation
* Creative solutions pop into mind | * Different perspectives may have emerged, sets,biases dissolve
56
Example of mental imagery
Mental rotation
57
Mental imagery a perception
- spatial representation | - visual scanning task
58
Metacomprehension
•Accuracy in judging what you do and don’t know
59
Metamemory
• Awareness and knowledge of memory abilities

Psychology 105 (9 decks)

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