What are the basic differences between innate and adaptive immunity.
- Innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens and is always present. It provides nonspecific protection and has no memory of specific pathogens.
- Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, is inducible, specific, and has memory of particular pathogens.
Does first line innate immunity involve the activation of immune cells or immune proteins?
First line innate immunity involves physical and chemical factors, but it does not involve the activation of immune cells (neutrophils, basophils, etc). It relies on physical barriers and chemical defenses.
What are some examples of first line innate immunity?
Be able to classify as chemical or physical.
- Physical: Skin, nose hairs, ciliary escalator
- Chemical: Sweat, stomach acid, saliva, sebum
What immune cells are derived from the myeloid stem cell?
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Mast cells
- Macrophages are immune cells derived from the myeloid stem cell.
What are the three innate immune cells that are the common phagocytes.
The common phagocytes in innate immunity are:
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Macrophages
Which of these immune cells is known as the ‘best’ phagocyte?
Among these cells, macrophages are often considered the “best” phagocytes because they are highly efficient and play a central role in phagocytosis and immune responses.
They help connect innate and adaptive immunity.
What are TLRs? How do TLRs assist with immune defenses?
TLRs (Toll-like receptors) are receptor proteins on immune cells that recognize conserved molecular patterns (PAMPs) on microbes. When TLRs bind to PAMPs, they trigger immune responses, including the activation of phagocytes, inflammation, and other defense mechanisms.
What type of microorganism is specifically targeted by eosinophils?
Eosinophils specifically target large microorganisms, such as helminths (parasitic worms). They release proteins to damage and kill these parasites.
How are basophils and mast cells similar? Conversely, how are basophils and mast cells different?
Hint: They are similar in function. They are different in location.
Basophils and mast cells are similar in that they both contain granules filled with signaling molecules and play roles in allergic responses.
However, basophils are found in the bloodstream, while mast cells are located in body tissues.
Which cell type found in the blood can become a macrophage?
Monocytes in the blood can become macrophages as they enter body tissues.
How is a fixed macrophage different from a free macrophage?
- Fixed macrophages are macrophages that are embedded in body tissues, such as in the brain or skin
- Free macrophages roam tissues and gather at infection sites.
Both types are phagocytes and have antigen-presenting functions.
What is a natural killer cell? How is it different than the other innate cells?
A natural killer (NK) cell is an innate lymphocyte derived from the lymphoid stem cell. Unlike other innate cells, NK cells kill abnormal human cells, such as those infected with viruses or cancer cells, without phagocytosis.
How do perforin and granzymes kill target cells?
- NK cells release perforin and granzymes.
- Perforin creates holes in the target cell’s membrane, allowing granzymes to enter. Granzymes induce apoptosis (controlled cell death) in the target cell, killing it.
What is the basic function of a dendritic cell?
Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells that capture pathogens in body tissues, migrate to immune organs, and present antigens to initiate adaptive immune responses.
Like a macrophage, this will connect the innate and adaptive immune systems.
How are inactive complement proteins activated?
Inactive complement proteins are activated in response to foreign cells.
Lectin pathway will identify mannose residues.
Which organ produces complement proteins?
Complement proteins are primarily produced by the liver.
What are the shorthand terms for the two activated complement fragments?
The shorthand terms for the two activated complement fragments are C3a and C3b.
Which specific complement protein is at the end of the activation cascade?
C3? UNCLEAR, ASK GLOVER FOR CLARIFICATION
What are the 3 immune responses that occur after complement activation?
The three immune responses following complement activation are opsonization, inflammation, and cytolysis.
What is the end result when the complement cascade from C3 to C9 is completed?
The end result is the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) composed of about a dozen C9 proteins. This MAC creates holes in the membrane of target cells, leading to cytolysis (cell lysis).
Which cell releases interferon alpha? What cells are these interferons signaling to?
- Interferon alpha is released by infected cells.
- These interferons signal neighboring cells, both infected and uninfected, to enhance their resistance to viral infections.
What are the names of a couple of enzymes that inhibit viruses?
Two enzymes that inhibit viruses are ribonuclease and protein kinase.
Why are antimicrobial proteins a good defense against pathogens?
Antimicrobial proteins provide a broad and effective defense against pathogens. They are produced by the body in response to infection, can work together, and have stable activity across a range of pH values. There is no known microbial resistance to these proteins.
What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?
- Pain
- Redness
- Immobility
- Swelling
- Heat
PRISH
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Chapter 129
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Chapter 38
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Chapter 435
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Chapter 522
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Chapter 614
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Chapter 747
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Lab Exam 143
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Chapter 842
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Chapter 1239
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Chapter 1327
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Chapter 1437
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Lab Procedure- Bacterial Transformation5
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Chapter 1516
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Chapter 1632
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Chapter 17 Part 111
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Lab Exam 261
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Chapter 17 Part 220
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Chapter 1820
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Chapter 1936
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Chapter 2029
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Chapter 2131
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Lab Exam 3 Gram +50
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Lab Exam 3 Gram -58
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Lab Exam 3 Cumulative19
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Chapter 2230
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Chapter 2327
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Chapter 2425
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Chapter 2523
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Chapter 2611
