Chapter 5 Flashcards
What is metabolism in biology?
Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions carried out by a living organism. It involves two key players: enzymes and adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
How do enzymes affect chemical reactions?
Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur.
They do not affect the end product and are highly specific to their substrates.
What are the factors that can influence enzyme activity?
Enzyme activity can be affected by temperature, pH, and the presence of inhibitors.
What are the two main types of metabolic pathways, and what are their functions?
There are two types of metabolic pathways:
- Catabolic pathways: These pathways break down molecules and release energy.
- Anabolic pathways: These pathways build up molecules and consume energy.
Catabolism releases energy by BLANK of molecules.
oxidation
What are NAD+ and FAD, and how do they function as energy carriers?
NAD+ and FAD are low-energy, oxidized coenzymes. When they gain electrons, they become reduced to NADH and FADH2. The process of reducing a molecule gives it more energy, while oxidation results in the loss of energy.
OILRIG
What is the reactant that starts glycolysis?
What is the final product of glycolysis?
What is the energy yield of glycolysis?
- The reactant that starts glycolysis is glucose
- The final product of glycolysis is 2 Pyruvic Acid
- The enerygy yield of glycolysis is 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
What is the energy yield of the prepartory step?
2 NADH
Which carbon compound enters the Krebs cycle? How is this compound different from what is produced from glycolysis?
2 carbon compound called AcetylCoA enters the Krebs cycle. It’ different from pyruvic acid (product of glycolysis) because AcetylCoA has 2 carbon molecules with CoA, compared to 3 carbon molecules in pyruvic acid.
What is the energy yield of the Krebs cycle?
- 6 NADH
- 2 FADH2
- 2 ATP
Krebs cycle occurs in the cytoplasm of Prokaryotic cells.
Where does the Electron transport chain occur in prokaryotic cells?
It occurs in the plasma membrane.
Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane for eukaryotes.
Briefly explain what the Electron transport chain is.
NADH and FADH2 get oxidized (lose electrons) so they become NAD+ and FAD. Oxidation of NADH and FADH2 provides energy to nearby protein channels and activates them, allowing hydorgen ions to move up a concentration gradient (from low to high).
Happens in plasma membrane for prokaryotes. Happens in the inner mitochondria for eukaryotes.
When does the ATP synthase activate to allow the protein channel to bring hydrogen ions into the cell?
Once there is a super high concentration of hydrogen outside the cell (from the previous step of ETC), it will activate the ATP synthase to allow hydrogen back into the cell from a high to a low concentration.
What is chemiosmosis?
Once hydrogen is being rushed back into the cell through the ATP synthase, it will act as a turbine and create energy in the form of ATP. This produces an energy yield of 34 ATP.
What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
- Aerobic used oxygen as the final receptor while anerobic uses an inorganic substance (other than oxygen) as a final receptor.
- Aerobic produces 38 ATP while anaerobic does not produce as much.
