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chapter 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the effects caused by hormones?

A

Change in the plasma membrane permeability or electrical state.
stimulation of mitosis
promotion of the secretory activity

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2
Q

What is Steroids?

A

derived from cholesterol. lipid soluble.

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3
Q

Non- Steroids?

A

synthesized from amino acid which includes proteins, gylcoprotiens,

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4
Q

Prostaglandins.?

A

Derived from fatty acid.

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5
Q

what are the two mechanisms in which hormones act

A

direct gene activation ;

Second messenger system

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6
Q

Steriod Homone Action

A

Diffuse.
enter the nucles
bind to a specific sites on the cells DNA
activate genes that result in synthesis of new proteins.
range from 45min- days.

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7
Q

Nonsteroid hormone action

A

from the second messenger
does not make more protein.
effects range from seconds to minutes.

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8
Q

Hormone levels in the blood are mostly maintained by negative feedback

A

Information

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9
Q

A stimulus or low hormone levels in the blood triggers the release of more hormone

A

Imformation

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10
Q

Hormone release stops once an appropriate level in the blood is reached.

A

Information.

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11
Q

Hormonal stimuli 1st

A

Stimuli by hormones to other hormones

Hormones act on other glandes to stimuli hormones

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12
Q

Humoral stimuli 2nd

A

changing blood levels ions & nutrients

body fluids such as blood and bile

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13
Q

Neural Stimuli 3

A

Control of the sympathetic

example: release of norepinephrine.

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14
Q

Pituitary

A 
protected by the sphenoid bone
has two functional lobes
anterior 
posterior 
** called the master endocrine gland**
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15
Q

what does the anterior pituitary do

A

glandular tissue

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16
Q

what does the posterior pituitary do

A

nervous tissue

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17
Q

Andrenorticotropic (ACTH) hormone

A

information

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18
Q

Two gonadotropic hormones are?

A

(FSH & LH)

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19
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

Proteins
act throught second-messenger systems
Regulated by hormonal stimuli, mostly negative feedback

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20
Q

Go see page 547 must know this

A

Information

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21
Q

What is growth hormone ?

A

general metabolic
growth of skeletal muscles and long bones
fats to be broken down

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22
Q

what is pituitary dwarfism

A

results from hyposecretion of the GH during childhood

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23
Q

What is Gigantism ?

A

Results from hypersecretion of GH during childhood

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24
Q

What is Acromegaly ?

A

results from hypersecretion of GH during adulthood.

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25
What is prolactin
Milk production following childbirth
26
what is Adrenocorticotropic
Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex
27
what is Thyroid-stimulating
influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland.
28
what is Gonadotropic?
Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads. | \
29
A) (FHS)
follicle development in the ovaries
30
B) LH
Stimulates testosterone production in males | Triggers ovulation of an egg in females.
31
what is oxytocin
contractions of the uterus , milk ejection , labor induction, postive feedback loop
32
Antidiuretic (ADH)
promotion water reabsorption by the kidneys. | Drinking alcool inhibits ADH
33
diabetes insipidus what?
a lot of urine output. -- Hyposecretion
34
what is Pineal Gland?
bilogical clock, there is two systems nervous & endocrine, affect a person mood Seasonal affecting disorder (SAD)
35
what is Tyrpid gland?
two hormones - thyroid hormone - calcitonin
36
Thyroid hormone?
major metabolic hormone - thyrozine (t4) - triiodothyronine (t3)
37
Thyroid hormone (con't)
rate metabolism of all cells. normal tissue growth and development ** since all the body cells depend on energy,every cell in the body is a target
38
Thyroid hormone disorder
Goiters: lack of iodine, salt is iodizd to prevent goiters. Cretinism: hyposecretin of thyroxine , dwarfism during childhood mental deficits.
39
Thyroid hormone disorder ( continued )
Myxedema: Hypothyroidism in adults. Fatigue,poor muscle tone, low body temperature,obesity,and dry skin.
40
Thyroid hormone disorder ( continued )
Graves' disease hyperthyroidism , increased metabolism, rapid heartbeat, weight lost, nervous and agitated behavior. timulate osteoclasts
41
what is calcitonin
Decreases bloood calcium levels by deposit on bone.
42
What is parathyroid?
stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone. Kidneys and intestine to absord more calcium and release into blood.
43
what is hyposecretion?
high blood calcium. muscle spasms and convulsions.
44
what are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex
1. mineralocorticoids. 2. glucpcprticoids 3. gonadocorticoids.
45
What is mineralocorticoids
main one. secreted by outermost layer.
46
what is glucocorticoids
secreted by middle layer
47
what is gonadocorticoids
secreted by innermost layer.
48
Three hormones together are collectively caleed corticosteroids
Information
49
what is the mineralocorticoids
Target organ in the kidneys
50
see page 561
!!
51
what is Glucocorticoids? also called Hydrocortisone
help resist long term stressors, by increasing blood glucose levels. Fats and even proteins to glucose. broken down by body cells and converted to glucose.
52
what is gonadocorticoids sex hormones?
small amounts of make hormones | smaller amount in women,
53
Adrenal conrtex disorders
Addison disease.: bronze skin tone, muscles are weak, burnout susceptibility to infection.
54
Adrenal conrtex disorders part 2
Cushing syndrome, | tumor in the middle cortical area of the cortex. moon face/ buffalo hump/upper back
55
what is epinephrine ?
adrenaline
56
what is norepinephrime
noradrenaline
57
what is the pancreatic islets?
beta cells with insulin brings glucagon in the blood.
58
what is polyurina
excessive urination
59
what is polydipsia
excessive thirst
60
what is polyphagia
hunger
61
what is type one
require insulin
62
what is type two
insulin resistances.
63
produces human chorionic gonadotropin in addition to estrogen, progesterone and other hormones.
need to know this
64
Examples.
heart -atrial natrituretic peptide antogonist to ADH and aldoseterone.
65
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Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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