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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Whats CNS stand for?

A

Central Nervous System

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2
Q

What does the CNS contain?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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3
Q

What does it do?

A

Integrates snsory information, evaluates it, and initiates an outgoing response.

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4
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Structual and functional centre of the entire nervous system

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5
Q

What does PNS stand for?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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6
Q

white matter

A

PNS: myelinated nerve
CNS: myelinated tracts

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7
Q

Gray matter

A

composed of cell bodies an unmyelinated fibers
CNS: referred to as nuclei
PNS: referred to as ganglia

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8
Q

Where does repair of neurons happen

A

in the PNS because of shawann cells neurolemma,

mature neurons cant be repaired because they are incapable of cell division

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9
Q

what is membrane potential

A

outside more positive
inside more negative
sign is relative to the inside

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10
Q

what is resting membrane potential

A

selective permiabile membrane helps maintain slight excess of positive ions on the outer surface of the membrane
at rest more potassium on the inside
not many sodium channels open at rest

-70mv (polarized)
Start to depolarize if doesnt reach threshold nothing will happen

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11
Q

what is local potential

A

excitation: opening of additional Na+ channels, allowing membrane potential to move toward zero (depolarization). inside will be positive when sodium channels open
Inhibition: triggers the opening of additional K+ channels, increasing the membrane potential (hyperpolarization). inside more negative when potassium channels open

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12
Q

Action Potential

A

the membrane potential of a neuron conducting an impules
also known as a nerve impulse
Threshold- -59mv NEED TO KNOW
never moves backwards

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13
Q

Saltatory

A

when you have myelin sheath

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14
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

cant have another action potential gonna occur

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15
Q

Relative refractory period

A

only have another stimulus if its big enough

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16
Q

What are the types of synapes

A

electrical and chemical

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17
Q

What is an electrical synapes

A

occurs where cells are joined by gap junctions allow an action potential to simply continue along postsynaptic membrane

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18
Q

What is a chemical synapes

A

occur where presynaptic cells release chemical transmitters (neurotransmitters) across a tiny gap to the postsynaptic cell, possibly inducing an action potential

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19
Q

What is a synaptic knob?

A

a tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic neuron axon that contains vesicles housing neurotransmitters

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20
Q

What is synaptic cleft?

A

space between a synaptic knob and the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic knob

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21
Q

what is the arrangements of the synapes?

A

Axondendritic: axon signals postsynaptic dendrite

axosomatic: axon signals postsynaptic soma
axoaxonic: axon signals postsynaptic axon; may regulate action potential of postsynaptic axon

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22
Q

sodium and chloride can never go together

A

potassium and sodium always do

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23
Q

what is spatial summation?

A

adding together the effects of several knobs being activated stimulaneously and stimulating different locations on the postsynaptic membrane, producing an action potential

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24
Q

What is temporal summation

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A

when a synaptic knobs stimulate a postsynaptic neuron in rapid succession, their effects can summate over a brief period to produce an action potential

25
what does neurotransmitters mean
means by which neurons communicate with one another; more than 30 compunds are known to be neurotransmitters, and dozens of others are suspected neurotransmitters relleased into the bloodstream are called hormones
26
what is the sympathetic system do
fight or fight prepares body to deal with immediate threats to the internal environment
27
what is the parasympathetic system do
coordinates the bodys normal resting activities; sometimes called the rest-and-repair division
28
what does the afferent divison consist of
consists of incoming sensory pathways
29
what does efferent divisons consist of
consists of all outgoing motor pathways
30
what does the somatic nervous system do
somatic motor divisoncarries information to the somatic effectors ( skeletal muscles) somatic sensory carries feedback information to somatic integration centers in the CNS
31
what does the autonomic nervous system do
efferent divisons carries info to the autonomic or visceral effectors (smooth and cardiac muscles and glands) visceral sensory carries feedback information to autonomic integrating centers in the CNS
32
What are the 5 major types of glia
``` astrocytes CNs microgilliaCNS ependymalCNS oligodendrocytesCNS schwann cells in the PNs ```
33
What are astrocytes
largest glia, transfer nutrients from the blood to the neurons form tight sheaths around brain capillaries, which , with tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells, constitute the blood-brain barrier
34
what are microglia
small, usually stationary cells carry on phagocytosis engolf anything that shouldnt be in there
35
what are ependymal cells
resemble epithelial cells and form thins sheets that line fluid filled cavities in the CNS some produce fluid others aid in circulation of fluid
36
what are oligodendrocytes
hold nerves together | produce myelin sheath
37
what are schwann cells
only in perhipheral neruons support nerve fibers and perform myelin sheaths neurilemma is formed by cytoplasm of schwann cells myelin sheath gaps are often called node of ranvier satellite cells are schwann cells that cover and support cell bodies in the pns
38
what are neurons
excitable cells that initiate and conduct impulses
39
what are the different components of a neuron
cell body dendrites axon cytoskeleton
40
what does the cell body consist of | what does it do
ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus provide proteins for maintaining and regenerating nerve fibers mitochondria provide energy
41
what does the dendrites do
conduct nerve signals to the cells body of the neuron | each neuron has one or more dendrites, which branch from the cell body
42
what does the axon do
conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body of the neuron pushes out the info
43
what does the cytoskeleton do
motor molecules shuttle organelles to and from the far ends of a neuron
44
what are the functional regions of the neuron
input zone: dendrites and cell body summation zone: axon hillock conduction zone: axon output zone: telodendria and synaptic knobs of axon
45
what are the classification of the neurons
multipolar bipolar unipolar
46
what is multipolar
on axon and several dendrites
47
what is bipolar
only one axon and one dendrite; least numerous kind of neuron
48
what is unipolar
one process comes off nurson cell body but divides almost immediately into two fibers: central fiber abd peripheral fiber
49
whats an afferent (sensory) neurons
conduct impulses to spinal cord or brain
50
whats an efferent (motor) neuron
conduct impulses away from spinal cord or brain toward muscles or glandular tissues
51
what are interneurons
in between efferent and affernt
52
what is the reflex arc
a signal conduction with the electrical signal | beginning receptors and ending ineffectors
53
what are bundles of nerves called in the PNS
they are called bundles of nerve fibers
54
what are bundles of nerves called in the CNS
bundles of nerve fibers are called tracts rather than nerves
55
what are nerves
bundles of peripheral nerve fibers held together by several layers of connective tissue
56
what are the differnt layers
Endonerurium endo- inside perineurium epinerurium epi- outside
57
what is the endoneurium
delicate layer of fibrous connective tissue surrounding each nerve fiber
58
what is the perineruium layer
connective tissue holding together fasciles (bundles of fibers)
59
what is the epineurium layer
fiborous coat surrounding numerous fascicles and blood vessels to form a complete nerve.

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

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