Chapter 16+23 Flashcards by Amy Folsom

infectious mononucleosis is caused by:

Epstein-Barr virus

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infectious mononucleosis

affects B cells in lymph nodes and spleen
can remain a carrier for several months, years

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infectious mononucleosis complications

heart defects, facial paralysis, rupture of spleen, jaundice

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monospot test

(heterophile antibody test)
diagnosis for infectious mononucleosis
agglutination = presence of antibodies against EBV

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lymphocytosis

diagnosis for infectious mononucleosis

observation of elevated lymphocyte levels

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cytomegalovirus (CMV)

a herpes virus

causes cytomegalic inclusion disease (CID) - generalized infection of infants; gastroenteritis and blindness

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hepatitis B virus (HBV)

DNA virus - unusual genome; one complete strand, one incomplete
enveloped
causes fever, nausea, anorexia, then jaundice

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HBV transmission

direct or indirect contact with bodily fluid

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HBV antigens (3)

HBsAg - surface antigen
HBcAg - core antigen in capsid
HBeAg - soluble antigen; best indicator of transmissibility

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HBV vaccine

HBsAg recombinant DNA-derived vaccine

produced in yeast cells

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HBV incubation period

long - 1-6 months in the liver

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HBV carrier rate

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HBV treatment

interferon for chronic infection

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hepatitis C virus (HCV)

most common bloodborne infection in US

causes a mild, symptomless, chronic infection involving cirrhosis and other complications

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HCV carrier rate

80-90%

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HCV transmission

through blood

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HCV treatment

combination of interferon and ribavirin

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hepatitis D virus (HDV)

“piggyback” virus (incomplete) - can only cause infection with HBV; needs HBsAg
RNA virus

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hepatitis A virus (HAV)

causes an acute inflammatory liver disease

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HAV transmission

by GI tract
food or water contaminated by feces
raw shellfish

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hepatitis E virus (HEV)

very similar to HAV, but not usually found in the US

West Nile fever

emerging disease in Western hemisphere

causes mild fever, aches, fatigue - sometimes leads to encephalitis or meningitis

West Nile virus transmission

through mosquitoes

West Nile virus reservoirs

birds, mosquitoes, humans, some other mammals

viral gastroenteritis

caused by several unrelated viruses

rotavirus infection

deadly form of gastroenteritis in children | diarrhea

rotavirus transmission

contaminated food or water

rotavirus treatment

oral rehydration therapy

norovirus infections

common cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis causes dehydration highly contagious

norovirus transmission

fecal-oral route, person-to-person contact, fomites | can survive outside the body for a long time

Coxsackie virus

causes hand, foot and mouth disease - fever, poor appetite, sore throat, rash on palms and feet

rabies virus

bullet shaped | causes fever, headache, muscle tension, hydrophobia, aggression, paralysis, brain degeneration

rabies transmission

through skin wound contaminated with bodily fluid of an infected animal

rabies incubation period

varies from 6 days to a year - depends on location of entry and amount of virus entering

rabies treatment

post-exposure immunization - immediately after bite need to get both passive and active passive: gamma globulins (blood plasma) active: attenuated virus

poliovirus

causes poliomyelitis - infection of gray matter of spinal cord and brain

poliovirus transmission

contaminated food and water

poliovirus multiplies in:

tonsils, lymph tissue, GI tract

postpolio syndrome

occurs in individuals who had the disease decades ago

polio vaccine

Jonas Salk vaccine - inactive | Sabin vaccine - live, attenuated

viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) viruses

all RNA viruses, all enveloped not naturally found in humans damage endothelial cells, causing massive internal bleeding and hemorrhaging 50-90% mortality rate

chikungunya

newly emerging hemorrhagic fever means "to walk bent over" - severe joint pain fever, headache, fatigue, nausea, muscle pain, skin rash spreads through blood to liver, muscles, brain, lymph tissue, joints by mosquitos

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

positive RNA virus - two identical strands, not double stranded enveloped a retrovirus

HIV spikes

gp120 - attachment protein | gp41 - fusion protein

gp120

HIV spike | attachment protein - binds to CD4 receptor protein of (usually) T cells

gp41

HIV spike | fusion protein - helps virus fuse with host cell membrane

chemokine receptor

co-receptor with CD4 for gp120

HAART

highly active antiretroviral therapy - for those with HIV combination of 3 anti-HIV agents: 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and 1 protease inhibitor prolongs and improves life, reduces viral load does not cure HIV infection

nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

drug used in HAART | chain terminators, stops DNA replication

protease inhibitor

drug used in HAART | prevents protease, enzyme that cuts capsomeres into right lengths

infectious mononucleosis transmission

saliva - "kissing disease"

ribavirin

used with interferon against HCV | a nucleoside analog - inhibits synthesis of viral nucleic acid