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Motor Control > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

Concepts Related to Reach and Grasp

A 
Movement control principles
Locating a target
Characteristics of reach and grasp
Systems contributing to reach and grasp
Grasping patterns
Neural control of reach and grasp
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2
Q

What does feedback control involve?

A

information from sensory (visual or proprioceptors)

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3
Q

What does feedforward control involve?

A

takes advantage of prior experience to PREDICT consequences of sensory information

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4
Q

Steps in eye-head-trunk coordination in object location:

A

Eye movements alone needed if the target is in the central or near peripheral visual field;
Eye-head movements required if in the further periphery
Eye, head and trunk movements combined together, if in the far periphery

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5
Q

Objects in periphery”

A
  1. eyes first (low inertia)
  2. head
  3. hand
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6
Q

Movement to reaching and pointing an object:

A

acceleration is longer than deceleration phase

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7
Q

Movement to reaching and grasping an object

A

acceleration is shorter than deceleration phase

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8
Q

Visual systems contributing to grasp and reach:

A

dorsal stream pathway

ventral stream pathway

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9
Q

dorsal stream pathway:

A

from visual to parietal cortex; information about action and localization

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10
Q

ventral stream pathway

A

from visual to temporal lobe; information on conscious perception

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11
Q

Somatosensory contribution to position sense

A

Muscle spindle
Cutaneous afferents
Joint receptors: at the extremes of joint motion;

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12
Q

Somatosensory contribution to the control of grip force

A

Cutaneous afferents

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13
Q

What do cutaneous afferents do?

A

activate pathways to increase activity in finger muscles to increase grip force in shoulder and elbow muscles to slow acceleration of the hand

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14
Q

Visual and somatosensory inputs

A

Used to plan movement proactively;

Used reactively for error corrects during the execution of movement;

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15
Q

Midbrain (red nucleus) and brainstem (reticular nuclei) pathways

A

control the proximal muscles involved in reaching

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16
Q

Pyramidal pathways

A

fine motor control of grasping movements

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17
Q

Power grip:

A

finger and thumb directed toward palm to transmit a force to an object

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18
Q

Precision grip:

A

forces directed between thumb and finger

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19
Q

Types of Power grip

A

Cylindrical
Spherical
Hook
Lateral prehension

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20
Q

Types of precision grips:

A

pinch grips

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21
Q

What is power or precision grip determined by?

A

intrinsic or extrinsic factors

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22
Q

Intrinsic:

A

object size, shape, texture

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23
Q

Extrinsic:

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A

orientation, distance and location

24
Q

Phase 1 of grasp and lift:

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A

contraction between fingers and object to be lifted

25
Phase 2 of grasp and lift:
grip force and load force starting to increase
26
Phase 3 of grasp and lift:
load force has to overcome weight of the object and start its move
27
Phase 4 of grasp and lift:
decrease in grip and load force
28
What is parameter of grip force determined by?
previous experience, perception of the characteristics of the object to be grasped using information from visual & somatosensory (cutaneous afferent)
29
Reaction time (RT)
the duration between the stimulus (auditory or visual cues) and the onset of voluntary movement
30
Reflex latency:
40 – 50 ms in response to somatosensory cues
31
RT:
80-120 ms;
32
Choice RT:
RT varies according to the amount of information to be processed, increasingly slowed by adding choices
33
Fitts’ Law
describes relationship between movement time (speed), distance and accuracy
34
What does movement time increase with in Fitt?s Law?
the increase of movement distance | the increase of arm-movement precision
35
What is a critical aspect of manipulatory function?
locate a target | maintain gaze
36
What can a central lesion affect?
the processing of visual signals can cause target-location problems
37
Gaze stabilization problems can result from
Disruption of visually driven eye movements because of damage within the oculo-motor system Disruption of vestibulo-ocular reflex control of eye movements in response to head movements Inability to adapt the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) to changes in task demands
38
What can a lesion on either side of posterior parietal area cause?
marked eye-hand coordination impairment or “optic ataxia
39
Loss of somatosensory information leads to
Impaired regulation of grip and lift forces Problems in fine motor control of the hand Regulation of forces in response to slips during object lift task and an ongoing grip
40
The majority of recovery of reach and grasp occurred during
first 90-days
41
Greatest proportion of inputs from the cortico-spinal tracts goes:
to the motor neuron pools of the distal upper segments
42
In CP, there is a lack of what?
LACK OF ANTICIPATION in hand grasp formation.
43
What is dependent on cutaneous input?
Forces for gripping (GF) and lifting (LF in graph) | tactile sensation
44
In what pathology is problems with adaption shown?
cerebellar
45
Motor Activity Log (MAL)
assess the amount and quality of hemiparetic arm use post-stroke and children with hemiplegic CP
46
Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory
for children 6 months to 7.5 years of age; to assess the skills a child can perform independently or with assistance
47
School of Functional Assessment
for children in kindergarten to 6th grade pertinent to school-related functional tasks
48
Functional Independence Measure (FIM
used to measure basic ADL scales
49
WeeFIM
normative data for children 6 months to 7 years of age; evaluation on self-care, sphinctor control, transfer, locomotion and cognition
50
Wolf Motor Function Test
used to quantify single- or multiple-joint UE movement and functional tasks
51
Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test
designed to simulate to hand function common to ADL tasks
52
Advantages of Functional Performance-based Tests
quantification of functional performance and comparison with established norms
53
Limitations of Functional Performance-based Tests
Do not always examine the quality of movement used; | Do not provide insight into why patient is unable to perform a functional skills
54
Visual Regards
Eye-head Coordination | Target localization and Gaze stabilization
55
Reaching and Grasping behaviors may reveal underlying problems
planning and anticipatory control
56
The problems in patients with impaired reach are
(1) increased movement time and | (2) an inefficient hand trajectory
57
Dexterity
ability to manipulate various objects using different prehension patterns quickly and efficiently.

Motor Control (8 decks)

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