Lesson 2

Question 1

Motor learning

Answer 1

the study of acquisition and modification (or reacquisition) of movement

Question 2

What is conventional learning?

Answer 2

Learn new skills in healthy persons (e.g., learn to ride a bike)

Question 3

What is recovery of function?

Answer 3

Reacquire skills lost due to injury or disease (e.g., relearn how to climb stairs after a bone injury)

Question 4

Performance:

Answer 4

is about temporary changes in motor behavior

Question 5

What are the two forms of long term memory?

Answer 5

explicit (declarative)

implicit (nondeclarative)

Question 6

What are the types of nondeclarative learning?

Answer 6

Nonassociative learning
Associative learning
Procedural learning

Question 7

Explicit memory:

Answer 7

facts, event

Question 8

Where does explicit memory take place?

Answer 8

medial temporal lobe areas
sensory association cortex
hippocampus

Question 9

Nonassociative Learning:

Answer 9

The nervous system learns about a stimulus after repeated exposure to the stimulus

Question 10

Habituation:

Answer 10

decrease in responsiveness after repeated exposure to non-painful stimuli

Question 11

Sensitization

Answer 11

increased responsiveness following a threatening stimulus

Question 12

Associative Learning:

Answer 12

About learning how to predict relationships

Question 13

Classical conditioning:

Answer 13

learning to pair two stimuli

from “verbal cue + assistance” to later “cue” only therapy

Question 14

Procedural Leaning:

Answer 14

Refers to learning tasks that can be performed unconsciously or automatically without attention

Question 15

Operant conditioning:

Answer 15

learning to associate a response with a consequence

Question 16

Closed loop theory:

Answer 16

sensory feedback from the ongoing movement is used for the guidance of skilled movement

Question 17

What does Schema Theory emphasize?

Answer 17

open loop control processes

Question 18

What does short term memory store?

Answer 18

Initial movement conditions (position, mass)
Parameters of motor program (force, direction)
Outcomes of the movement

Question 19

Motor program for Schema theory?

Answer 19

contain rules for creating the spatial and temporal patterns of muscle activity needed to carry out a given task under a variety of contexts

Question 20

What is the motor program for the ecological theory?

Answer 20

Search for optimal strategies (both action and perception) to solve task and environmental constraints
stresses that ML is a process that enhances coordination between the two (motor and perception) in a way consistent with the task and environmental constraints

Question 21

What two theories does the ecological theory emerge from?

Answer 21

systems theory

ecological motor theory

Question 22

What are the forms of feedback in the ecological theory?

Answer 22

knowledge of performance

knowledge of results

Question 23

Knowledge of performance

Answer 23

feedback on the movement pattern during movement

Question 24

Knowledge of results

Answer 24

feedback related to outcome given at the end of movement

Question 25

Stage I closed skills:

Answer 25

understand the nature, goal of the task, requirement, and environmental feature, and developing movement strategies

Question 26

Stage II closed skills:

Answer 26

refine movement Consistency is the objective of the learner

Question 27

Stage I open skills:

Answer 27

Performer must adapt performance to the ever changing environment

Question 28

Stage II open skills:

Answer 28

Practice should emphasize responding to the changing demands

Question 29

Blocked practice:

Answer 29

doing the same task several repetitions before starting the next 10 times of “sitting to stand,

Question 30

Random practice:

Answer 30

practicing various tasks in a random order

Question 31

Massed practice:

Answer 31

more time on practicing than on rest in a trial

Question 32

Distributed practice:

Answer 32

amount of time on practicing between trials is equal to or less than on the rest

Question 33

Task analysis:

Answer 33

break whole task down into individual steps

Question 34

Guidance learning

Answer 34

physically guided throughout the task to be learned

Question 35

Discovery learning

Answer 35

through trial-and-error approach; achievable problem-solving skills

Question 36

Constant practice

Answer 36

repeating the same task multiple times

Question 37

Variable practice

Answer 37

focusing on variations of the task (e.g., under multiple speeds