Chapter 16 - Attitudes to empire - the role and influence of individuals

Question 1

When was Indian nationalism established?

Answer 1

Before WW1

Question 2

When did Gandhi emerge?

Answer 2

1919

Question 3

When did Gandhi begin campaigning in South Africa?

Answer 3

. 1893 - for 20yrs
. Campaigned against racism and segregation

Question 4

When did Gandhi return to India?

Answer 4

1915 - he became President of the Indian Congress

Question 5

What is the Amritsar Massacre?

Answer 5

. April 1919

. British troops fired on a large crowd of unarmed Indians - killed several hundred

. Britain said the death toll was lower than it actually was

Question 6

What movements did Gandhi organise?

Answer 6

1920 -Non-Cooperation movement

1930-31 + 1932-34 - Civil Disobedience Movement

1942 - Quit India Movement

Question 7

When did India become independent?

Answer 7

1947

Question 8

Why was Gandhi seen as moderate and idealistic by some Indians?

Answer 8

He opposed the partition of India

Question 9

When and how did Gandhi die?

Answer 9

1948 - assassinated by a militant Hindu nationalist who accused him of showing a bias for Muslims

Question 10

When did Gandhi fast?

Answer 10

. 1924 - he fasted for three weeks to promote Hindu-Muslim unity

. 1947 +1948 - when Hindu-Muslim violence following Independence

Question 11

What were Gandhi’s beliefs?

Answer 11

. Gandhi favoured peaceful resistance to British rule

. Gandhi preached harmonious relations between Hindus and Muslims

. Gandhi wanted an independent India to remain predominantly agricultural and rural, and to reject industrialisation and urbanisation

Question 12

Who was Edwin Montagu?

Answer 12

. Secretary of state for India from 1917-22

. He was responsible for reforms which led to the Govt of India Act of 1919

. This gave Indians a limited degree of political representation and control of some aspects of affairs within India itself

Question 13

Who was Sir Harry Haig?

Answer 13

. Lifelong colonial administrator in India

. Example of an emergent colonial administrator who was coming to terms with the idea of Indians as partners of the Empire

. Opponent of Gandhi’s campaign for Indian independence, describing Gandhi as a ‘menace’

Question 14

Who was Lord Linlithgow?

Answer 14

. Viceroy of India from 1935-43

. Actively promoted the further enfranchisement of Indians in the Govt of India Act 1935

. Gave rise to ‘more responsible’ Indian politicians

. Appeal for unity on the outbreak of WW2 brought a promise of greater rights in the governance of India, but was rejected by most Indian politicians
Indians blamed Linlithgow for the division and lack of economic development in the country

Question 15

Who was Lord Lugard?

Answer 15

. Administrator who believed in his ‘trusteeship’ principle

. He promoted exports of ground nuts and palm oil in Tanganyika, the building of harbours and railways

. He wanted to advance the colonies economically and supported the entry of indigenous people into the civil service

Question 16

Who was Sir Mitchell?

Answer 16

. Served in Tanganyika and Nyasaland becoming Secretary of Native Affairs (1928) and Chief Secretary (1934)

. Fulfilled the trusteeship principle in Uganda in 1935 by extending Makerere College, working to create a more educated African elite

Question 16

Who was Sir Arden Clarke?

Answer 16

. Entered colonial service in 1920

. Served as a district officer in Northern Nigeria and as a Resident Commissioner in Lagos in 1937 and Basutoland 1942

. Moved to the Gold Coast after the war and presiding over the first British African colony to gain independence in 1957

Question 16

Who was Sir Andrew Cohen?

Answer 16

. Served in Malta during WW2

. Considerable sympathy for the plight of the Native African people and one of the earliest to understand the need for decolonisation

. Appointed Assistant Under-Secretary of State for the Colonial Office in 1947

Question 16

Who was Sir Ralph Furse?

Answer 16

. Responsible for the 1930 reform of appointments to colonial service and became director of recruitment in a new personnel division in 1931

. His reforms helped established a standard system of recruitment and training and have led to him being called the ‘father of the modern Colonial Service’

. He has considerably improved the quality of those in the colonial service

Question 17

Who was Sir Donald Cameron?

Answer 17

. Assistant Colonial Secretary in Mauritius (1904) + Southern Nigeria (1908-24) + to Chief Secretary (1923),

. Governor of Tanganyika (1924-31) and Governor of Nigeria (1931-35)