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chapter 16 - CVD Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

what is the leading cause of death and permanent disability in the US

A

CVD

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2
Q

acute CVD

A

MI

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3
Q

compensated heart disease

A

heart maintain blodo circulation

requires heart beat unusually fast so heart enlarges

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4
Q

decompensated heart disease

A

heart cant maintain circulation

CHF occurs

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5
Q

what may be affected in heart disease

A

myocardium
endocardium
pericardium

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6
Q

what is arterioscleroris

A

general term for vascular disease which arterires harden, making passage of blood difficult and sometimes impossible

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7
Q

athersclerosis

A

form of arteriosclerosis

most freuqnelt occurs in developed countries

chronic inflammatory porcoess, begins in childgood and is considered one of the major causes of MI

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8
Q

what are atherosclerotis plaques

A

deposites of cholesterol, fats, and other substances that accumulate over time

thickening and weakening artery walls

develop within walls and driven by inflammatory process

plaquye deposits gradually reduce the size of the lumen of the artery and amount of blood flow = inadequate supply of nutrients and oxygen delivery and waste removal known as ischemia

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9
Q

angina pectoria

A

reduced oxygen supply causes pain and if occurs in chest and raidates down left arm it’s a warning

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10
Q

infarct

A

lumen narrows so that a thrombus occurs in coronary artery and blood flow is cut off = dead tissue called infarct

called acute MI

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11
Q

treatment for MI

A

surgery to bypass clogged artery

CABG (coronary artery bypass graft)

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12
Q

CVA

A

cerebrovascular accident

blood flow 9to brain is blocked or blood vessels burst and blood flows into the brain

stroke

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13
Q

peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

A

occurs in tissue some distance from heart

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14
Q

risk factors of CVD

A

hyperlipidemia
hypertension
smoking
obesity and unhelathy diet
diabetes, pre-diabetes
family history (heart diesase in father or brother before age 55 or in mother or sister before age 65)
high stress lwvels
male sex
age (men 45+, women 55+)
physical inactivity

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15
Q

food and hyperlipidemia

A

dietary cholesterol and trigylcerics (fats in foods and in adipose tissue) contributeto hyperlipidemia

foods containing sat fat and trans fat increase serum cholesterol while unsat fat tends to reduce it

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16
Q

what are lipoproteins + types

A
  • carry choesterol and fats in blood to body tissues
  • LDL carries most of choelsterol to cells and elevated LDL blood levels contributes to atherosclerosis
  • HDL carries cholesterol from tissues to liver for eventual excretion, low serum levels of HDL can contribute to atherosclerosis
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17
Q

total cholesterol classification

A

less than 200 mg/dL desirible
200-239 mg/dl borderline high
240 mg/d and above high

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18
Q

ldl cholesterol classification

A

less than 100 mg/dl optimal
100-129 mg/d near optimal
130-159 borderline high
160-189 mg/d high
190 mg/dl and above very high

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19
Q

hdl cholesterol classification

A

less than 40 mg/dl major heart disease risk factor
60 mg/dl and avoce gives some protection against heart disease

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20
Q

triglycerides classification

A

<150 mg/dl optimal
150-199 mg/dl borderline high
>200 mg/dL high

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21
Q

medical nutrition therapy for hyperlipidemia

A

reduce quantity and type of fats and often cal in diet

in overweight indv wt loss alone will help reduce serum cholesterol levels

<200 mg of cholsterol per day and fat provide no more than 20-35% of cal w max 7% of fat comeing from sat fat

carb should make up 50-55$ of cal and proteins from 12-20% of them

40% of cal in avg us diet comes from fats

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22
Q

types of diet for heart diesease

A

vegetarian
semi-vegetarian
vegan diet
Mediterranean diet
DASH diet
Omni Heat study foods

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23
Q

how long does it take to adjust to new food choices (heart-heatlhy eating plan)

A

2-3 months

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24
Q

vegetables, fruits, and legumes to eat

Study These Flashcards
A

variety of fresh, forzen, and canned veg and fruit wo added salt or sugar

eat more legumes such as lentils and kidney beans

25
vegetables, fruits, and legumes to avoid
veg w high-fat sauces, friet, or salted fruits prpared w added sugars limit starchy beans prepared w pork fat
26
grains to eat
choose fiver-rich whole grains for most grain servings (brown rice, barley, oats, cracked wheat, coardse bread, brain)
27
grains to avoid
refine grains, such as white rice, white breads/ bagels, low-fiber cereals, crackers, baked goods, buttery crackes, commercially prepared garlci bread, croissants, etc.
28
poultry, fish, meats, and eggs to eat
poultry (white meat) and fish w/o skin fish - 2x a week (high in omega 3s such as salmon and trout) lean red meats - preferably less than 2s weekly eggs - two to three times per week
29
poultry, fish, meat, and eggs to avoid
fatty cuts of meat, dark poultry meat ror poulrty w skin on fried meat, fish, or poultry salted processed meats such as bologna hot dogs, bratwursts, bacon eggs >4 weekly
30
dairy to eat
fat-free (skim) and 1% dairy products, yourts, low-fat chees occasionally
31
dairy to avoid
2% and whole milk, cream, high fat cheeses, ice cream, cream soups
32
fats and oils to eat
olive, canola oils, nut, nut butters, seeds in moderation mayo, oil/ vinegar dressings in moderatio n
33
fats and oils to avoid
butter, cream, lard, partially hydrogenated fats and trans fats commercially made creamy salad dressings
34
desserts to eat
water, tea, and coffee 1 drink alc for women, 2 drinsk for men prudent amounts of healthfully made desserts, small amount of dark chocolate
35
desserts to avoid
limit sugar sweetened beverages such as soda, lemondae , punch, coffee drinks, energy drinks most regularlyprepared desserts and sweets
36
water soluble fiber and cholesterol-containg substances
water-soluble fiber (such as that found in oats, oat bran, legumes, and fruit (esp cirturs, berries, apples, and bananas) binds w cholesterol-containing substances and prevent their reabsorption by blood 10-25 g soluble fiber is prepared
37
increase fiber intake by ____ g each day had ___% drop in LDL
5-10 g 5%
38
cholesterol lowering drugs
atorvastatin (Lipitor) Simvastatin (Zocor) could interact w other drugsm like grapefruit and its juices w Lipitor and Zocor
39
what is MI
blockage of coronary artery sipplying blood to heart, causing heart tissue to die atheroscleoris is primary cause hypertension, abn blood clotthing and rhematic fever infection could contribute
40
MI and food
after attack pt in shock, cuasing fluid shift and thirst but pt is NPO so IV infusions to prevent dehydration after several horus client may begin to eat, liquid diet for 4 hours then low-cholesterol-low-sodium given no ext hot or cold food, easy to chew and digest and contain little roughage chewing and increased activity of gi tract following high fibers foods = extra work ofr heart restricttypes and amounts of fat and sodium to prevent fluid accumulation and amount of caffeeing as goal is to allow heart to rest and tissue to heal
41
CHF
decompensation; severe heart disease caused by CAD, MI, cardiomypothahy, valve disease, bith heart defects, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal disease amt of ixygen intake is insufficient for body needs (SOB + chest pain on exertion) tissue retain fluid bc reduced circuliaton = sodium built up = edema and to compensate heart beats faster and enlarges (when edema affects lungs, death can occur)
42
potassium rich fruits
apricots oranges bananas avocados cantaloupe dates figs raisins honeydew melon grapefriut kiwifruit peaches pineapple prnes straberries
43
potassium rich vegetables
asparagus broccoli cabbage green beans pumpkin squash tomatoes spimach potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams
44
treat edema in CHF
diuretics to aid in excretion of water and sodium diuretics can cause excessive loss of potassium so carefully monitor clients blood potassium to prevent hypokalemia (can uspet heartbeat)
45
what is hypertension
chronically high bp 90% cause is unknown; essential/ priamry hypertension 10% cause is known; secondary hypertension (kidney disease, problems of adrenal glands, oral contraceptives)
46
hypertension stages
normal <120/<80 prehypertension 120-139/80-88 stage 1 hypertension 140-159/90-99 stage 2 hypertension 160/100
47
who does hypertension affect
frequency inc w age more prevalance among AA heredity and obesity smoking and tress excessive use of table salt (40$ sodium + chloride)
48
treatment for hypertension
fluid balance upset so sodium and fluid collect in body tisues, causing edema, extra pressure is placed on blood vessels siudm restricted diet + diuretics
49
DASH
Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension clinically shown to reduce high bp while increasing serving of fruits and veg to 8-12 sevigs per day higher intake of frutis and veg, adequate calcium servings, prducent w protein, include nuts, seeds, and legumes in diet 3-4 times per week, limit fats and oils, keep sweets and added sugars down to five sevings or fewer and week for adults 4.7g potasisum
50
thickened mucle in heart found in ___% of obese child population
40
51
sodium intake (rec for americans and those diagnosed w HTN)
americans: 3400 mg/ day li AA, diagnosed w HTN: 1500 mg/day
52
sodium-restriced diet limit
food and nutrition board says no less than <2300 mg/day and safe minimum is 500 mg/day
53
populator sodium-containg products frequently added to foods
Monosodium glutamate - flaovr enchancer baking powder - leven quick breads nd cake baking soda - leaven breads and cakes brine - freeshing and canning certain fodos and for flavor disodium phospate - quick-cookingcereals and processed cheeses sodium alginate - choc milkand ice cream for smooth texture sodium benzoate - preservate in many condiments sodium hydroxide- food processing to softena nd lossens skins of ripe olives, hominy, and certain fruits and veg sodium propionate - pastreurzied cheeses and in spme breads and cakes to inhibit growth of mold sodium sulfite - bleach certain fruits and veg, preservaties in some dried fruit
54
AHA sodium intake vs Dietary guildeline for americans
AHA - 1500 mg/day dietary guidelines for americans - 2300 mg/da
55
v low restirction of siudm
1.5-2 g a day
56
mod restirction to siudm
2-3 g a day
57
foods permitted on most sodium resticted diets
fruits wo additives low-sodium veg juices fresh fruits fresh veg frozen veg wo salt dried peas or beans fat-free milk ready to eat breakfast cereals low in sodium regular cooked cereals wo added salt, sugar, or falvorings plain pasta or rice bread, english muffins, and bagels unsalted, uncoated popcorn fresh fish, fresh unsalted meats unsalted margarie oil vinegar spices containing no salt, herbs such as basil oregano garlic powder, lemon juice unsalted nuts jams, jellies, honey coffee tea
58
foods to limit or avoid on soidum restricted diet
tomato jucie and veg cocktail canned veg if not salt ree saukerurats, pickes, oives, frozen veg prepared w soudm canned starchy beans driedm breadsedm smoked, or canned fish or meats cheeses, salted butter or margarine salt topped crackers or breads salty foods such as potato chips, salted nuts, penaut butter, pretzels canned soups ham, hot dogs, sausage, corned beef, lunch meats [repared relishes, salad dressings, catsup, soy suace bouillon, baking soda, baking powder, MSG commerically prepared meals fast foods ,restaurant foods
59

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