Chapter 16 - Respiratory System 🫁

Question 1

The main muscle of inspiration is the _____.

Answer 1

diaphragm

Question 2

Airflow into the lungs is driven by a _____ in intrapulmonary pressure.

Answer 2

decrease

Question 3

What part of the respiratory system conducts air but doesn’t do gas exchange?

Answer 3

conducting zone

Question 4

What two structures make up the respiratory zone where gas exchange occurs?

Answer 4

respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

Question 5

What are the tiny air sacs responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?

Answer 5

alveoli

Question 6

The main respiratory control center is located in the ____ ____.

Answer 6

medulla oblongata

Question 7

What property describes how easily lungs expand during inhalation?

Answer 7

compliance

Question 8

What lung property allows recoil after being strecthed?

Answer 8

elasticity

Question 9

What physical force in the alveoli tends to cause them to collapse?

Answer 9

surface tension

Question 10

Pulmonary _____ reduces surface tension in the alveoli and prevents collapse.

Answer 10

surfactant

Question 11

Which lung cells produce surfactant?

Answer 11

type II alveolar cells

Question 12

_____ Law explains the inverse relationship between pressure and volume in the lungs.

Answer 12

Boyle’s

Question 13

_____ Law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas.

Answer 13

Dalton’s

Question 14

What determines how much gas dissolves in blood, per Henry’s Law?

Answer 14

partial pressure and solubility

Question 15

What type of disorder blocks airflow, making exhalation difficult?

Answer 15

obstructive disorder

Question 16

What are two common diseases classified as COPD?

Answer 16

chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Question 17

What type of disorder limits lung expansion and reduces lung volumes?

Answer 17

restrictive disorder

Question 18

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath is called ____ ____.

Answer 18

Tidal Volume (TV)

Question 19

What is the extra air inhaled after a normal breath?

Answer 19

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Question 20

What is the extra air exhaled after a normal breath?

Answer 20

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Question 21

The air left in lungs after maximal exhalation is called ____ ____.

Answer 21

Residual Volume (RV)

Question 22

What capacity includes TV, IRV, and ERV?

Answer 22

Vital Capacity (VC)

Question 23

What is the total volume the lungs can hold?

Answer 23

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Question 24

Most oxygen is transported bound to _____.

Answer 24

hemoglobin

Question 25

What small portion of oxygen is transported without hemoglobin?

Answer 25

dissolved in plasma

Question 26

What are the three main ways carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?

Answer 26

bicarbonate, bound to hemoglobin, dissolved in plasma

Question 27

What is the most common form of CO₂ transport in the blood?

Answer 27

as bicarbonate ion

Question 28

What is the equation that shows CO₂ becoming bicarbonate?

Answer 28

CO₂ + H₂O ⇌ H₂CO₃ ⇌ H⁺ + HCO₃⁻

Question 29

What reaction helps buffer blood pH using bicarbonate?

Answer 29

H⁺ + HCO₃⁻ ⇌ H₂CO₃ ⇌ CO₂ + H₂O

Question 30

What three factors increase oxygen unloading in tissues?

Answer 30

low pH, high temperature, high CO₂

Question 31

What muscle protein stores oxygen in skeletal muscle?

Answer 31

myoglobin

Question 32

What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?

Answer 32

it contracts and flattens

Question 33

What happens to lung volume and pressure during inhalation?

Answer 33

volume increases, pressure decreases

Question 34

What causes air to flow into the lungs?

Answer 34

lower pressure inside lungs (Boyle's Law)

Question 35

What happens to the diaphragm during exhalation?

Answer 35

it relaxes and moves up

Question 36

Is inhalation active or passive at rest?

Answer 36

active

Question 37

Is normal exhalation active or passive?

Answer 37

passive

Question 38

Partial pressure of oxygen at sea level is about ___ mmHg.

Answer 38

160

Question 39

The brainstem region that adjusts breathing based on CO₂ is the ____ ____.

Answer 39

medulla oblongata

Question 40

Most CO₂ is transported as ____ ____ in the blood.

Answer 40

bicarbonate ion (HCO₃⁻)

Question 41

The enzyme converting CO₂ to bicarbonate in RBCs is ____ ____.

Answer 41

carbonic anhydrase

Question 42

Excess ventilation leading to alkalosis is called _____.

Answer 42

hyperventilation

Question 43

Hypoventilation causes ____ ____.

Answer 43

respiratory acidosis