Chapter 17 Flashcards
(399 cards)
1
Q
Circulatory System
A
Also known as the cardiovascular system.
2
Q
Cardiac Conduction System
A
Generates electrical impulses for heart function.
3
Q
Conductivity
A
Property allowing rapid impulse conduction in heart.
4
Q
Automaticity
A
Ability of pacemaker sites to generate impulses independently.
5
Q
Sinoatrial Node
A
Primary pacemaker located in right atrium.
6
Q
Atrioventricular Node
A
Secondary pacemaker activated if SA node fails.
7
Q
Purkinje Fibers
A
Deliver impulses to heart’s contractile cells.
8
Q
Contractile Cells
A
Heart cells responsible for muscle contraction.
9
Q
Sympathetic Nervous System
A
Increases heart rate and contractile force.
10
Q
Parasympathetic Nervous System
A
Slows heart rate and reduces contraction force.
11
Q
Atria
A
Upper chambers of the heart.
12
Q
Ventricles
A
Lower chambers of the heart.
13
Q
Cardiac Arrest
A
Sudden loss of heart function.
14
Q
Defibrillation
A
Electrical shock to restore heart rhythm.
15
Q
Superior Vena Cava
A
Receives deoxygenated blood from the body.
16
Q
Pulmonary Arteries
A
Carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
17
Q
Pulmonary Veins
A
Return oxygenated blood from lungs to heart.
18
Q
Tricuspid Valve
A
Valves between right atrium and right ventricle.
19
Q
Pulmonic Semilunar Valve
A
Ejects blood from right ventricle to pulmonary arteries.
20
Q
Right Ventricular Heart Failure
A
Failure of right ventricle to pump effectively.
21
Q
Cor Pulmonale
A
Right heart failure due to lung disease.
22
Q
Myocardium
A
Heart muscle responsible for contraction.
23
Q
Epicardium
A
Outer layer surrounding the myocardium.
24
Q
Interventricular Septum
A
Wall separating the left and right ventricles.
25
Apex
Lowest point of the heart.
26
Ejection Fraction
Percentage of blood pumped from ventricle per beat.
27
Cardiac Output
Volume of blood pumped by heart per minute.
28
Blood Flow Requirements
Body's need for adequate blood circulation.
29
Venae Cavae
Largest veins returning deoxygenated blood to heart.
30
Left Atrium
Chamber receiving oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins.
31
Mitral Valve
Valve between left atrium and left ventricle.
32
Left Ventricle
Pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta.
33
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Valve allowing blood flow from left ventricle to aorta.
34
Aorta
Main artery distributing oxygenated blood to the body.
35
Hypertension
Condition of excessively high blood pressure.
36
Heart Failure
Inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood.
37
Pulmonary Edema
Fluid accumulation in lungs due to heart failure.
38
Deoxygenated Blood
Blood low in oxygen, high in carbon dioxide.
39
Capillaries
Thin-walled vessels for nutrient and gas exchange.
40
Venules
Small vessels collecting deoxygenated blood from capillaries.
41
Coronary Arteries
Supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.
42
Right Coronary Artery
Branches off aorta, supplies right heart structures.
43
Left Coronary Artery
Branches off aorta, supplies left heart structures.
44
Anterior Descending Branch
Supplies blood to the front of the heart.
45
Hydrostatic Pressure
Pressure exerted by fluid in the blood vessels.
46
Oncotic Pressure
Pressure exerted by proteins in blood plasma.
47
Cardiac Rhythm Disturbances
Irregular heartbeats affecting blood circulation.
48
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the heart muscle.
49
Post-partum Cardiomyopathy
Heart failure occurring after childbirth.
50
External Iliac Arteries
Supply blood to the lower limbs.
51
Internal Iliac Arteries
Supply blood to pelvic organs.
52
Great Saphenous Vein
Longest vein in the body, runs along the leg.
53
Inferior Vena Cava
Returns deoxygenated blood from lower body to heart.
54
Brachial Artery
Major artery supplying the arm.
55
Renal Artery
Supplies blood to the kidneys.
56
Femoral Artery
Major artery supplying the thigh.
57
Heart
Muscle requiring oxygenated blood to pump effectively.
58
Tourniquet Analogy
Demonstrates muscle fatigue without oxygen supply.
59
Hypoxia
Oxygen deprivation leading to cell death.
60
Ischemia
Reduced blood flow causing tissue damage.
61
Heart Attack
Result of prolonged ischemia leading to muscle death.
62
Cardiac Rhythms
Electrical impulses regulating heartbeats.
63
Blood Components
Elements including red cells, white cells, platelets.
64
Serum/Plasma
Liquid portion of blood transporting formed elements.
65
Red Blood Cells
Carry oxygen to body tissues.
66
White Blood Cells
Protect body against infections.
67
Platelets
Cellular elements aiding in blood clotting.
68
Coagulation Process
Blood response to injury forming clots.
69
Thrombus
Clot formed in response to blood vessel injury.
70
Thrombin
Protein activating clot formation.
71
Fibrin
Protein strands strengthening blood clots.
72
Plaque
Fatty deposits in arteries causing blockages.
73
Atherosclerosis
Artery occlusion from plaque buildup.
74
Endothelium
Inner wall of blood vessels.
75
Atrial Systole
Contraction of atria ejecting blood into ventricles.
76
Ventricular Systole
Contraction of ventricles pumping blood out.
77
Diastolic Phase
Heart muscle relaxation and filling phase.
78
Dysrhythmias
Abnormal heart rhythms potentially causing death.
79
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Graphic representation of heart's electrical activity.
80
Depolarization
Electrical charge change causing heart contraction.
81
Repolarization
Return to resting charge causing heart relaxation.
82
P Wave
ECG waveform representing atrial depolarization.
83
QRS Complex
ECG component indicating ventricular contraction.
84
T Wave
ECG phase preparing for next heartbeat.
85
ECG
Graphic representation of heart's electrical activity.
86
P wave
First ECG waveform; atrial depolarization.
87
QRS complex
Second ECG waveform; ventricular depolarization.
88
T wave
Third ECG waveform; ventricular repolarization.
89
PR interval
Time from P wave to QRS complex.
90
Sinoatrial node
Heart's natural pacemaker generating impulses.
91
Normal sinus rhythm
Regularly spaced ECG peaks indicating heart function.
92
Premature ventricular complexes (PVC)
Uncoordinated ventricular electrical impulses.
93
Ventricular tachycardia (V-Tach)
Rapid heart rate with closely spaced peaks.
94
Ventricular fibrillation (V-Fib)
Disorganized electrical activity in ventricles.
95
Blood pressure
Pressure against arterial walls during circulation.
96
Systolic blood pressure
Pressure during heart contraction.
97
Diastolic blood pressure
Pressure when heart is at rest.
98
Vasoconstriction
Narrowing of blood vessels increases pressure.
99
Vasodilation
Widening of blood vessels decreases pressure.
100
Perfusion
Delivery of oxygen and nutrients to cells.
101
Shock
Profound depression of cell perfusion.
102
Hypoperfusion
Inadequate blood flow to tissues.
103
Hypovolemia
Low blood volume affecting circulation.
104
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Narrowing and hardening of coronary arteries.
105
Cardiac compromise
Conditions affecting heart function and health.
106
Arteriosclerosis
Stiffening of arterial structures.
107
Endothelial injury
Damage to blood vessel lining leading to disease.
108
Inflammatory disease
Condition involving inflammation of blood vessels.
109
Risk factors for atherosclerosis
Smoking, diabetes, hypertension, LDL, HDL levels.
110
Intimal changes
Alterations in innermost blood vessel lining.
111
Smooth muscle cells
Cells in blood vessel walls contributing to contraction.
112
Fatty Streaks
Initial lesions in blood vessels from cell proliferation.
113
Fibrous Cap
Collagen covering fatty streaks, stabilizing plaque.
114
Thrombus
Clot that may occlude blood vessels.
115
Atherosclerosis
Buildup of fatty deposits in arteries.
116
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Narrowing of coronary arteries reducing blood flow.
117
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
Sudden heart conditions from artery narrowing or blockage.
118
Unstable Angina
Prolonged chest pain at rest or worsening symptoms.
119
Myocardial Ischemia
Inadequate oxygen delivery to heart muscle.
120
Ischemic Chest Pain
Discomfort due to heart muscle oxygen deficiency.
121
Angina Pectoris
Chest pain symptom associated with coronary artery disease.
122
Classic Angina
Occurs with increased heart workload or exertion.
123
Tissue Hypoxia
Oxygen deficiency in tissues, often due to ischemia.
124
Radiating Pain
Discomfort spreading to jaw, arms, or back.
125
Nitroglycerin
Medication used for angina relief.
126
Chest Discomfort
Patient's term for angina, often not described as pain.
127
Precipitating Factors
Triggers like exertion or stress causing angina.
128
Duration of Angina
Typically lasts 2 to 15 minutes.
129
Myocardial Infarction
Heart attack due to prolonged ischemia.
130
Symptoms of Myocardial Infarction
Includes sweating, nausea, and prolonged discomfort.
131
Emergency Medical Care
Immediate treatment for angina or ACS symptoms.
132
Elderly Presentation
May show atypical symptoms of angina.
133
Nocturnal Angina
Angina that wakes the patient at night.
134
Chest Pain Assessment
Evaluate all chest pain as potential cardiac emergency.
135
Coronary Artery Spasm
Temporary tightening of coronary arteries reducing blood flow.
136
Emotional Stress
Can trigger angina due to increased heart demand.
137
Cool, Clammy Skin
Physical sign often associated with myocardial infarction.
138
Diaphoresis
Excessive sweating, common during cardiac events.
139
Epigastric Pain
Upper abdominal discomfort, sometimes mistaken for angina.
140
Chest Pressure
Common description of angina discomfort.
141
Angina
Chest pain due to reduced blood flow.
142
Acute Coronary Syndrome
A range of conditions associated with sudden reduced blood flow.
143
Positive Pressure Ventilation
Assisted breathing technique for inadequate respirations.
144
Pulse Oximeter
Device measuring blood oxygen saturation levels.
145
Dyspnea
Difficulty or labored breathing.
146
Hypoxemia
Low oxygen levels in the blood.
147
Supplemental Oxygen
Additional oxygen provided to improve oxygenation.
148
Nasal Cannula
Device delivering oxygen through the nostrils.
149
Nonrebreather Mask
Mask providing high-flow oxygen to patients.
150
Systolic Blood Pressure
Pressure in arteries during heartbeats.
151
Aspirin
Medication used to reduce blood clotting.
152
Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)
Heart muscle death due to oxygen deprivation.
153
Coronary Artery Disease
Narrowing of coronary arteries due to plaque.
154
Ischemia
Inadequate blood supply to an organ.
155
Dysrhythmias
Abnormal heart rhythms that can be fatal.
156
Ventricular Fibrillation
Life-threatening heart rhythm causing cardiac arrest.
157
Fibrinolytic Agents
Medications that dissolve blood clots.
158
Silent Myocardial Infarction
Heart attack without typical chest pain symptoms.
159
Automated External Defibrillator (AED)
Device used to restore normal heart rhythm.
160
Aortic Aneurysm
Dilation of a weakened aortic wall.
161
Aortic Dissection
Tear in the aorta's inner layer.
162
Pulsating Mass
Detectable swelling indicating possible aneurysm.
163
Cardiac Arrest
Sudden loss of heart function.
164
Reassessment
Ongoing evaluation of the patient's condition.
165
Comfort Position
Positioning patient for optimal comfort and breathing.
166
Lead ECG
Electrocardiogram used for heart rhythm assessment.
167
Symptoms of Aortic Dissection
Severe sharp pain, often in back or arms.
168
Systolic Blood Pressure Difference
Difference indicates possible aortic dissection risk.
169
Female Presentation of ACS
Symptoms differ from males; often subtler.
170
Leading Cause of Death in Females
Coronary heart disease is the primary cause.
171
Classical Symptoms of ACS
Dull chest pain, respiratory distress, diaphoresis.
172
Atypical Symptoms of ACS
Neck ache, fatigue, epigastric pain, insomnia.
173
Reperfusion
Restoration of blood flow to ischemic tissue.
174
Reperfusion Injury
Cell damage from free radicals post-reperfusion.
175
Free Radicals
Damaging molecules produced during reperfusion.
176
Hyperoxygenation
Excessive oxygen leading to cardiac cell damage.
177
Heart Failure
Inability of heart to adequately pump blood.
178
Left Ventricular Failure
Failure of the heart's left ventricle to function.
179
Right Ventricular Failure
Failure of the heart's right ventricle to function.
180
Causes of Heart Failure
Includes heart attack, valve disorders, hypertension.
181
Signs of Myocardial Infarction
Chest pain, nausea, sweating, and fatigue.
182
Oxygen Administration Guidelines
Administer to dyspneic or hypoxemic patients only.
183
Nasal Cannula Usage
Start at low flow, titrate to achieve oxygen levels.
184
High-Risk Groups for Atypical ACS
Includes diabetics and older adults.
185
Myocardial Infarction Complications
Higher mortality in females post-event.
186
Emergency Care for ACS
Provide care despite atypical symptom presentation.
187
Symptoms of Ischemia
Can include back pain and unexplained fatigue.
188
Oxygen's Role in Ischemia
Can worsen damage if administered excessively.
189
Coronary Artery Vasoconstriction
Increased oxygen levels can constrict coronary arteries.
190
Pulmonary Edema
Fluid accumulation in lungs due to heart failure.
191
Cardiogenic Shock
Inadequate blood pumping by heart post-damage.
192
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
Enlargement of left ventricle muscle affecting output.
193
Hypoxia
Insufficient oxygen supply to tissues.
194
Jugular Vein Distention
Enlarged neck veins indicating right heart failure.
195
Peripheral Edema
Swelling in extremities due to fluid retention.
196
Diastolic Blood Pressure
Pressure during heart's relaxation phase.
197
Hypoperfusion
Inadequate blood flow to organs.
198
Tachycardia
Rapid heart rate exceeding normal limits.
199
Orthopnea
Difficulty breathing while lying flat.
200
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
Sudden nighttime breathlessness.
201
Crackles
Abnormal lung sounds indicating fluid presence.
202
Diuretics
Medications to reduce body fluid volume.
203
Cardiac Output
Volume of blood pumped by heart per minute.
204
Pulmonary Hypertension
Increased pressure in pulmonary vessels.
205
Myocardial Damage
Injury to heart muscle, often from heart attack.
206
Edema
Swelling caused by fluid accumulation.
207
Hydrostatic Pressure
Pressure exerted by fluid in blood vessels.
208
Cyanosis
Bluish discoloration due to low oxygen.
209
Agitation
Restlessness due to inadequate oxygen supply.
210
Abdominal Distension
Swelling of the abdomen from fluid buildup.
211
Sponge-like Abdomen
Soft, distended abdomen indicating fluid retention.
212
Patent Airway
An unobstructed airway allowing normal breathing.
213
Gas Exchange
Process of oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer.
214
Poor Perfusion
Inadequate blood flow to tissues and organs.
215
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
Device delivering continuous air pressure to keep airways open.
216
Ventricular Assist Device (VAD)
Device assisting heart's pumping function, often awaiting transplant.
217
Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD)
VAD specifically supporting the left ventricle's function.
218
VAD Components
Includes pump, electronic controller, and batteries.
219
Primary Assessment
Initial evaluation focusing on life-threatening conditions.
220
Secondary Assessment
Detailed examination following primary assessment.
221
Continuous Blood Flow
Uninterrupted blood circulation provided by VAD.
222
Auscultation
Listening to internal sounds of the body for diagnosis.
223
Whirling Sound
Sound indicating functioning of a VAD.
224
Mental Status
Patient's level of consciousness and cognitive function.
225
Identification Card
Card containing VAD patient information and contacts.
226
Local Protocol
Guidelines for treatment and transport of patients.
227
Infection Assessment
Evaluation for signs of infection at VAD insertion site.
228
Cardiac Defibrillator
Device used to restore normal heart rhythm.
229
Sepsis
Life-threatening response to infection affecting the whole body.
230
Biventricular assist device (BiVAD)
A type of implantable ventricular assist device that supports both ventricles of the heart.
231
Left ventricular assist device (LVAD)
An implantable device that helps the left ventricle pump blood to the body.
232
Right ventricular assist device (RVAD)
An implantable device that helps the right ventricle pump blood to the lungs.
233
Ventricular assist device (VAD)
A mechanical pump that supports heart function and blood flow in individuals with weakened hearts.
234
Patient Care Goals
Rapid identification of cardiovascular compromise and VAD-related malfunctions or complications.
235
Inclusion Criteria
Criteria for adult patients with VADs who exhibit symptoms of cardiovascular compromise or are in cardiac arrest.
236
Assessment for pump malfunction
Evaluate alarms, auscultate pump sounds, and check for signs of hypoperfusion.
237
VAD malfunction troubleshooting
Contact VAD-trained companion or coordinator, check connections, change batteries, and assess patient tolerance.
238
Management of airway
Implement airway management as indicated for patients with VADs.
239
Cardiac monitoring
Continuous observation of the patient's heart activity.
240
Lead EKG acquisition
Obtain a lead electrocardiogram to monitor heart activity.
241
Transport for VAD-related complications
Expedite transport to the medical facility where the VAD was placed if clinically appropriate.
242
Hypoperfused patient management
Consider ALS for fluid administration using isotonic fluid with a maximum dose over a specified time.
243
Cardiac arrest protocol
CPR should not be performed if the VAD pump is functioning; confirm pump status before initiating CPR.
244
Non-invasive blood pressure measurement
May be difficult due to narrow pulse pressure from continuous flow pumps.
245
VAD complications
Potential issues include infection, stroke, bleeding, arrhythmias, and cardiac tamponade.
246
Chronic hypertension
A common condition affecting about 30% of the population in the U.S.
247
Acute hypertension
Often results from sympathetic nervous system discharge due to anxiety and pain during emergencies.
248
Cardiac arrest
Occurs when the heart is not pumping effectively or at all, resulting in no detectable pulses.
249
Nitroglycerin indications
Signs of chest pain consistent with acute coronary syndrome and physician-prescribed nitroglycerin.
250
Nitroglycerin contraindications
Conditions include low baseline systolic blood pressure, certain heart rates, suspected head injury, and recent use of specific medications.
251
Nitroglycerin medication form
Available as a tablet or sublingual spray.
252
Nitroglycerin dosage
One tablet or spray under the tongue, with a maximum of three doses, based on specific criteria.
253
Nitroglycerin administration steps
Complete patient assessment, check vital signs, obtain medical direction, and administer medication under the tongue.
254
Nitroglycerin
Medication used to dilate blood vessels.
255
Sublingual
Administration method under the tongue.
256
Reassessment
Monitoring patient after nitroglycerin administration.
257
Blood Pressure Monitoring
Frequent checks during nitroglycerin treatment.
258
Dosage Documentation
Record dosage, time, and patient response.
259
Cardiac Oxygen Demand
Amount of oxygen the heart requires.
260
Dilation Effects
Nitroglycerin dilates coronary and peripheral arteries.
261
Headache
Common side effect of nitroglycerin use.
262
Hypotension
Drop in blood pressure from medication.
263
Pulse Rate Changes
Body compensates for blood vessel dilation.
264
Contraindication
Condition preventing nitroglycerin administration.
265
Bradycardia
Abnormally slow heart rate, avoid nitroglycerin.
266
Tachycardia
Abnormally fast heart rate, avoid nitroglycerin.
267
Tadalafil
Medication contraindicated with nitroglycerin.
268
Vardenafil
Medication contraindicated with nitroglycerin.
269
Sildenafil
Medication contraindicated with nitroglycerin.
270
Maximum Doses
Up to three doses of nitroglycerin allowed.
271
Fresh Supply
Use recent nitroglycerin to ensure effectiveness.
272
Age-Related Variations
Different presentations in pediatric and geriatric patients.
273
Congenital Heart Disease (CHD)
Heart defects present at birth, can cause emergencies.
274
Pulmonary Blood Flow
Inadequate or excessive flow can indicate CHD.
275
Emergency Medical Care
Immediate actions for patients with CHD.
276
Open Airway
First step in emergency care for CHD.
277
Oxygen Administration
Maintain oxygen levels above 94% in emergencies.
278
Cyanosis
Bluish skin indicating inadequate oxygenation.
279
Hypoxia
Low oxygen levels in the body.
280
Shock
Critical condition from inadequate blood flow.
281
Patient Response
Feedback on medication effectiveness during reassessment.
282
Medical Direction Approval
Required before readministration of nitroglycerin.
283
Supplemental Oxygen
Additional oxygen for patients showing poor perfusion.
284
Poor Perfusion
Inadequate blood flow to tissues and organs.
285
Nasal Cannula
Device delivering oxygen through the nostrils.
286
Nonrebreather Mask
Oxygen mask preventing re-inhalation of exhaled air.
287
Congenital Heart Disease
Heart defects present at birth affecting function.
288
Positive Pressure Ventilation
Assisted breathing using a mechanical device.
289
Cardiac Arrest
Sudden cessation of heart function and blood circulation.
290
Hypoxemia
Low oxygen levels in the blood.
291
Acidosis
Excess acidity in the blood or body tissues.
292
Geriatric Patients
Older adults requiring specialized medical attention.
293
Acute Coronary Syndrome
A range of conditions associated with sudden heart issues.
294
Diabetes Mellitus
Chronic condition affecting blood sugar regulation.
295
Myocardial Infarction
Heart attack due to blocked blood supply.
296
Silent Heart Attack
Heart attack with minimal or no chest pain.
297
Trauma Patient
Individual with injuries requiring urgent care.
298
Asthma
Chronic respiratory condition causing airway constriction.
299
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Progressive lung disease causing breathing difficulties.
300
Pulmonary Embolism
Blockage in a pulmonary artery, often from a clot.
301
Emergency Care Steps
Protocols for immediate treatment of medical emergencies.
302
Lead ECG
Electrocardiogram used to assess heart activity.
303
Heart Failure
Condition where heart cannot pump effectively.
304
Dysrhythmias
Abnormal heart rhythms affecting normal function.
305
Ventilatory Insufficiency
Inability to maintain adequate ventilation and oxygenation.
306
Chest Discomfort
Generalized pain or pressure in the chest area.
307
Emergency Medical Technician (EMT)
First responder providing pre-hospital emergency care.
308
Acute Bronchoconstriction
Sudden tightening of muscles around airways.
309
Oxygen Saturation
Percentage of oxygen in the blood.
310
Titration
Gradual adjustment of medication or flow rate.
311
Caregiver
Individual responsible for the patient's daily care.
312
Edema
Swelling due to fluid leakage from vessels.
313
Jugular Vein Distention
Enlargement of neck veins indicating heart issues.
314
Dyspnea
Difficulty breathing, often associated with heart failure.
315
Orthopnea
Difficulty breathing while lying flat.
316
Tachypnea
Rapid breathing, often a sign of distress.
317
Fowler's Position
Sitting position to aid breathing in patients.
318
CAB Sequence
Compressions, Airway, Breathing order for CPR.
319
AED
Automated External Defibrillator for cardiac arrest.
320
CPR
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation to restore circulation.
321
OPQRST
Mnemonic for assessing chest discomfort history.
322
Chest Pain
Common symptom indicating potential cardiac issues.
323
Agonal Respirations
Gasping breaths indicating severe distress.
324
Levine Sign
Clenching fist over chest indicating severe discomfort.
325
Pediatric Dose-Attenuating System
AED feature for delivering reduced shock to children.
326
Skin Assessment
Evaluation of skin color and temperature for distress.
327
Transport Decision
Determining urgency of patient transfer to hospital.
328
Scene Size-Up
Initial assessment for safety and security.
329
Primary Assessment
Initial evaluation of patient's condition and responsiveness.
330
Secondary Assessment
Detailed evaluation following primary assessment.
331
Altered Mental Status
Change in awareness or cognitive function.
332
Radiation of Pain
Discomfort spreading to other body areas.
333
Signs of Shock
Indicators of inadequate blood flow to organs.
334
Radiation
Discomfort traveling to other body parts.
335
Severity Scale
Subjective scale to rate discomfort intensity.
336
Intermittent Discomfort
Chest discomfort that comes and goes.
337
Percutaneous Intervention
Coronary angioplasty to restore blood flow.
338
Fibrinolytic Therapy
Medication to dissolve blood clots in vessels.
339
Contraindications for Fibrinolysis
Conditions preventing use of clot-dissolving drugs.
340
Systolic Hypertension
High blood pressure during heartbeats.
341
Diastolic Hypertension
High blood pressure between heartbeats.
342
Patient History
Previous heart attack increases current risk.
343
Angina
Chest discomfort due to heart strain.
344
Nocturnal Angina
Chest pain occurring during sleep.
345
Atypical Presentations
Unusual symptoms in heart attack cases.
346
Emergency Medical Services (EMS)
First responders for urgent medical situations.
347
Clotting Disorder
Condition affecting blood's ability to clot.
348
Distal Perfusion
Blood flow restored to areas beyond blockage.
349
Patient Denial
Patients downplaying seriousness of symptoms.
350
Fibrinolytic Checklist
Assessment tool for fibrinolytic therapy eligibility.
351
Transport Protocol
Guidelines for patient transport decisions.
352
Pulmonary Edema
Fluid accumulation in lungs, causing breathing issues.
353
History of Trauma
Recent injuries affecting treatment options.
354
Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Internal bleeding in digestive tract affecting health.
355
Patient Assessment
Evaluation of symptoms and medical history.
356
Symptoms Presentation
Patients may show one to five symptoms.
357
Chest Discomfort Locations
Common areas include chest, neck, jaw, arms.
358
Jugular Venous Distention
Indicates possible heart failure or cardiac tamponade.
359
Cyanotic Mucous Membranes
Sign of hypoxia in the oral cavity.
360
Auscultation
Listening for abnormal breath sounds in the chest.
361
Peripheral Edema
Swelling indicating heart failure in extremities.
362
Presacral Edema
Fluid accumulation in lower back, often supine.
363
Signs of Cardiac Compromise
Includes chest pain, sweating, cool skin.
364
Anxiety in ACS
Common symptom indicating distress or impending doom.
365
Vital Signs Monitoring
Essential for assessing patient condition during exam.
366
Nitroglycerin Administration
Protocol-based treatment for chest pain relief.
367
Aspirin Indications
Given for chest pain suggestive of ACS.
368
Aspirin Contraindications
Avoid in patients with known allergies.
369
Aspirin Dosage
Administer nonenteric tablet as soon as possible.
370
Antiplatelet Effect
Aspirin reduces platelet clumping and clot formation.
371
Reassessment After Aspirin
Monitor patient condition post-administration.
372
Emergency Medical Care Steps
Includes reassurance, oxygen, nitroglycerin, aspirin.
373
Cool, Pale Skin
May indicate poor perfusion or shock.
374
Irregular Pulse Rate
Abnormal heart rhythm often seen in ACS.
375
Nausea and Vomiting
Common symptoms associated with heart issues.
376
Chest Pain Radiation
Pain may radiate to back, jaw, or arms.
377
Emergency Transport
Initiate early transport for acute coronary patients.
378
Patient Comfort Position
Often sitting up to alleviate anxiety.
379
Fluid in Alveoli
Indicates left ventricular heart failure.
380
Hypoxia Indicators
Sluggish pupils and cyanosis suggest oxygen deficiency.
381
Automated External Defibrillation
Device used to restore normal heart rhythm.
382
STEMI
ST-elevation myocardial infarction, a severe heart attack.
383
Patient Care Goals
Objectives for managing patients with cardiac issues.
384
Inclusion Criteria
Signs indicating potential cardiac origin of symptoms.
385
Symptom Onset
Time when patient first experienced symptoms.
386
Lead EKG
Primary tool for diagnosing STEMI in patients.
387
Aspirin Administration
Chewable, non-enteric-coated aspirin preferred for ACS.
388
Systolic Blood Pressure
Must be >90 mmHg for nitroglycerin use.
389
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
Medications contraindicated with nitroglycerin use.
390
Patient Safety Considerations
Monitoring for clinical deterioration during treatment.
391
Serial EKGs
Repeated EKGs to monitor changes in heart rhythm.
392
Emergency Care Algorithm
Step-by-step process for managing cardiac compromise.
393
CHF
Congestive heart failure, indicating heart's reduced function.
394
Syncope
Temporary loss of consciousness due to low blood flow.
395
Medication List
Complete list of patient's current medications.
396
Transport Decisions
Choosing appropriate facility based on patient needs.
397
Patient Presentation
Signs and symptoms indicating potential cardiac issues.
398
Vasodilation
Widening of blood vessels to improve blood flow.
399
Defibrillator Pads
Used to deliver electric shock to restore heart rhythm.
