Chapter 22 Part 4 Flashcards
(305 cards)
1
Q
Nonjudgmental attitude
A
Maintain an open and accepting demeanor.
2
Q
Patient reassurance
A
Confirm condition is drug-related, temporary.
3
Q
Verbalization assistance
A
Help patient express their experiences.
4
Q
Event timeline
A
Outline expected sequence of occurrences.
5
Q
Concrete statements
A
Use clear, simple language for communication.
6
Q
Orientation
A
Help patient recognize time, place, and people.
7
Q
Self-identification process
A
Assist patient in recognizing familiar objects.
8
Q
Forewarning about drug effects
A
Prepare patient for changing mental states.
9
Q
Talk-down technique
A
Avoid using with PCP-affected patients.
10
Q
Substance abuse emergencies
A
Result from recent or cumulative substance use.
11
Q
Alcohol abuse treatment
A
Address acute intoxication and related conditions.
12
Q
Drug withdrawal
A
Symptoms occur when drug use is reduced.
13
Q
Drug tolerance
A
Increased doses needed for same effects.
14
Q
Psychological dependence
A
Compulsive behavior focused on drug acquisition.
15
Q
Physical dependence
A
Physiological changes require drug to avoid withdrawal.
16
Q
Commonly addictive drugs
A
Include narcotics, alcohol, sedatives, cocaine.
17
Q
Withdrawal symptoms onset
A
Begins when next dose is due.
18
Q
Withdrawal symptoms peak
A
Usually peaks 24-48 hours after cessation.
19
Q
Signs of withdrawal
A
Include anxiety, agitation, confusion, tremors.
20
Q
Alcohol use disorder
A
Characterized by problem drinking and addiction.
21
Q
Signs of intoxication
A
Odor of alcohol on the breath.
22
Q
Caution with alcohol breath
A
May indicate other medical conditions.
23
Q
Seizure risk in withdrawal
A
Withdrawal can lead to seizures and complications.
24
Q
Swaying and unsteadiness
A
Loss of balance often seen in intoxication.
25
Slurred speech
Impaired verbal communication due to alcohol effects.
26
Nausea and vomiting
Common physical reactions to excessive alcohol consumption.
27
Flushed face
Redness of the face indicating possible intoxication.
28
Drowsiness
State of reduced alertness often caused by alcohol.
29
Erratic behavior
Unpredictable actions often linked to intoxication.
30
Self-injury
Harmful actions towards oneself, often unrecognized.
31
Alcohol as a depressant
Substance that slows down brain function and reaction.
32
Respiratory center paralysis
Severe alcohol overdose can stop breathing.
33
Vital signs monitoring
Constant assessment of patient's health indicators.
34
Aspiration prevention
Positioning to avoid inhaling vomit during unconsciousness.
35
Alcoholism forms
Includes beer, wine, hard liquor, and other substances.
36
Sedative dependency
Common co-occurrence of alcohol and sedative abuse.
37
Withdrawal symptoms
Physical reactions after stopping alcohol intake.
38
Delirium tremens (DTs)
Severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome with confusion and tremors.
39
Blackout periods
Loss of memory during excessive drinking episodes.
40
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Brain disorder from alcohol toxicity and malnutrition.
41
Chronic gastric ulcer
Long-term stomach sores often related to alcohol.
42
Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage
Severe bleeding in the esophagus due to varices.
43
Hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar levels, common in alcoholics.
44
Subdural hematoma
Blood accumulation between the brain and its outer covering.
45
Withdrawal syndrome
Symptoms occurring after reducing alcohol intake.
46
Cirrhosis of the liver
Severe liver scarring from long-term alcohol abuse.
47
Cardiomyopathy
Heart muscle disease linked to chronic alcohol consumption.
48
Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome
Symptoms from abrupt cessation of alcohol use.
49
Dose-Dependent
Severity increases with higher alcohol consumption.
50
Delirium Tremens
Severe, life-threatening alcohol withdrawal stage.
51
Alcoholic Tremulousness
Stage 1 symptoms include tremors and insomnia.
52
Alcoholic Hallucinosis
Stage 2 characterized by visual and auditory hallucinations.
53
Withdrawal Seizures
Stage 3 seizures with alternating muscle rigidity.
54
Stage 1 Symptoms
Nausea, insomnia, sweating, and tremors.
55
Stage 2 Symptoms
Worsening symptoms with added hallucinations.
56
Stage 3 Symptoms
Major seizures occurring after last drink.
57
Stage 4 Symptoms
Delirium tremens with confusion and hyperirritability.
58
Mortality Rate of DTs
Approximately 15-20% if untreated.
59
Onset of DTs
Occurs 48-72 hours after last drink.
60
Duration of DTs
Lasts 1-5 days, can recur.
61
Signs of DTs
Severe confusion, tremors, and hallucinations.
62
Common Symptoms of Withdrawal
Insomnia, nausea, sweating, and hypertension.
63
Hyperthermia
Elevated body temperature during withdrawal.
64
Tachycardia
Rapid heartbeat often seen in withdrawal.
65
Opioids
Agents mimicking morphine effects, natural or synthetic.
66
Opiate
Natural agents derived from opium.
67
Narcotic
Broad term for agents inducing sleep.
68
Heroin
Naturally occurring opiate acting on opiate receptors.
69
CDC Overdose Data
Estimated overdose deaths increased significantly in 2021.
70
Opioid Overdose Deaths
Estimated 75,673 deaths in 12 months ending April 2021.
71
Increase in Opioid Deaths
Overdose deaths rose by 15% from previous year.
72
Synthetic Opioids
Man-made drugs mimicking natural opioids' effects.
73
Fentanyl
Synthetic opioid, 50-100 times stronger than morphine.
74
Methamphetamine
Psychostimulant linked to increased overdose deaths.
75
Tramadol
Another commonly abused synthetic opioid.
76
Nitazenes
New class of synthetic opioids identified in forensics.
77
Carfentanil
Opioid used as anesthetic for large animals.
78
CNS Depression
Reduced central nervous system activity and responsiveness.
79
Respiratory Depression
Decreased respiratory rate and tidal volume.
80
Miosis
Constricted pupils, common in opioid toxicity.
81
Seizures
Can occur due to hypoxia from respiratory depression.
82
Dysarthria
Speech disturbance from facial muscle paralysis.
83
Ataxia
Incoordination resulting from hypoxia and cell injury.
84
Tremors
Involuntary muscle contractions due to hypoxia.
85
Crackles
Sounds from pulmonary edema related to hypoxia.
86
Hearing Loss
Altered metabolism affecting ear function.
87
Hypotension
Low blood pressure due to CNS depression.
88
Bradycardia
Slow heart rate resulting from CNS effects.
89
Nausea
Vomiting due to decreased gastrointestinal motility.
90
Urinary Retention
Inability to urinate from urethral sphincter spasm.
91
Pruritus
Itching caused by histamine release.
92
Naloxone
Medication used to reverse opioid overdose effects.
93
Emergency Medical Care
Focus on reversing respiratory and CNS depression.
94
Opioid Poisoning
Severe reaction to opioid drugs requiring emergency care.
95
Naloxone
Opioid antagonist used to reverse overdose effects.
96
Patient Care Goals
Rapid recognition and prevention of respiratory arrest.
97
Inclusion Criteria
Decreased mental status and respiratory depression present.
98
Exclusion Criteria
Altered mental status from non-opioid causes.
99
PPE
Personal protective equipment to prevent exposure risks.
100
Therapeutic Interventions
Support airway, breathing, and circulation before naloxone.
101
Medication Identification
Determine specific opioid taken and time of ingestion.
102
Cardiovascular History
Document patient's cardiovascular and medication history.
103
Needle Stick Risk
Increased risk of exposure to blood-borne pathogens.
104
Intravenous Route
Preferred for naloxone due to predictable bioavailability.
105
Intranasal Route
Alternative naloxone delivery method for opioid overdose.
106
Intramuscular Route
Another option for administering naloxone effectively.
107
Assessment Steps
Evaluate airway, breathing, circulation, and mental status.
108
Oxygen Administration
Provide supplemental oxygen to support respiratory function.
109
Transdermal Opioids
Opioids delivered via adhesive patches should be removed.
110
Critical Resuscitation
Immediate airway and circulation support before naloxone.
111
Respiratory Depression
Condition warranting naloxone administration in overdose cases.
112
Titration of Naloxone
Incremental dosing until respiratory function is restored.
113
Adult Naloxone Dose
Typical initial dose ranges between 0.4-2 mg.
114
Pediatric Naloxone Dose
Pediatric dose typically 0.1 mg/kg for overdose.
115
Maximum Naloxone Dose
Maximum adult dose is 10 mg IM or ETT.
116
ETT Route
Endotracheal route used in dire overdose situations.
117
ETT Route
Endotracheal tube route for naloxone administration.
118
Adult Dose
Typical initial dose for adults, IM or ETT.
119
Pediatric Dose
Naloxone dose for children, IM, IN, or ETT.
120
Maximum Dose
Highest allowable dose for IM or ETT use.
121
Naloxone Access
Provided to laypersons via public access programs.
122
Auto-Injector
Pre-measured naloxone dose in an auto-injector.
123
Nasal Spray
Single-use bottle containing naloxone for intranasal use.
124
Mucosal Atomization Device (MAD)
Device for administering naloxone via needleless syringe.
125
Nasal Administration
Divide dose equally between nostrils, maximum per nostril.
126
Titration of Naloxone
Adjust naloxone dose until respiratory effort improves.
127
Cardiac Arrest Treatment
Naloxone ineffective; prioritize chest compressions and ventilations.
128
High-Potency Opioids
Require higher naloxone doses for respiratory depression.
129
Airway Management Goal
Ensure adequate oxygenation and ventilation during overdose.
130
Clinical Duration of Naloxone
Effect lasts about one hour; opioids longer.
131
Recurrent Respiratory Depression
Monitor patients post-naloxone for respiratory issues.
132
Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms
Agitation or violence may follow naloxone administration.
133
Scene Safety Measures
Prepare for potential violence post-naloxone use.
134
EMS Airway Management
Initiate airway support during naloxone administration.
135
Respiratory Depression
Key feature of opioid overdose requiring EMS intervention.
136
Opioid Toxic Effects
Some opioids cause additional toxicities like seizures.
137
Opioid Combinations
Opioids mixed with acetaminophen or aspirin.
138
Example of Opioid Combination
Vicodin: acetaminophen and hydrocodone.
139
Example of Opioid Combination
Percocet: acetaminophen and oxycodone.
140
Example of Opioid Combination
Percodan: aspirin and oxycodone.
141
Example of Opioid Combination
Suboxone: buprenorphine and naloxone.
142
Fentanyl Potency
Fentanyl is more potent than morphine.
143
Fentanyl
A potent synthetic opioid used medically and illegally.
144
Carfentanil
An opioid more potent than morphine, used for sedation.
145
Fentanyl analogs
Synthetic opioids similar to fentanyl, often illegal.
146
Intranasal route (IN)
Administration method avoiding needle stick injuries.
147
Miosis
Pinpoint pupils, a sign of opioid overdose.
148
Respiratory depression
Decreased breathing rate, common in opioid overdose.
149
Naloxone
Opioid antagonist used to reverse opioid effects.
150
Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)
Ventilation technique to improve oxygenation in overdose.
151
Analgesia
Primary indication for opioid medications, pain relief.
152
Hypoxia
Low oxygen levels in the blood, dangerous condition.
153
Hypercarbia
Excess carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.
154
Pediatric considerations
Opioid overdose signs may appear in newborns.
155
Suction airway
Emergency step to clear obstructed breathing.
156
Positive pressure ventilation
Technique to assist inadequate breathing.
157
Oxygen administration
Providing supplemental oxygen to maintain adequate levels.
158
Intramuscular injection
Common route for naloxone administration.
159
Mucosal atomizer device
Device for intranasal naloxone delivery.
160
Respiratory distress
Difficulty breathing, requiring immediate medical attention.
161
Bradycardia
Slow heart rate, a potential opioid overdose symptom.
162
Hypotension
Low blood pressure, often seen in overdose cases.
163
Acetyl fentanyl
A fentanyl analog associated with illegal drug use.
164
Synthetic opioids
Man-made opioids, often more potent than natural ones.
165
Chest wall rigidity
Stiffness in chest muscles, common in fentanyl overdose.
166
Naloxone trade name
Narcan, used for opioid overdose treatment.
167
Contraindication
Known hypersensitivity to naloxone only.
168
Medication Form
Liquid form for various administration routes.
169
Administration Routes
Intranasal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, endotracheal.
170
Intranasal Route
Commonly used route by EMTs for naloxone.
171
Naloxone Auto-Injector
Device for easy naloxone administration.
172
Typical Dose
Dosage varies by administration route.
173
Mucosal Atomization Device (MAD)
Device for intranasal naloxone delivery.
174
Patient Restraint
Consider restraining aggressive patients post-administration.
175
Reassessment
Monitor airway, respirations, and vital signs post-naloxone.
176
Opioid Receptors
Naloxone competitively binds to block opioid effects.
177
Side Effects
Includes headache, hypertension, and nasal inflammation.
178
Acute Opioid Withdrawal
Possible side effect after naloxone administration.
179
Respiratory Depression
Primary concern to monitor after naloxone use.
180
Hypotension
Low blood pressure to assess post-naloxone.
181
Bradycardia
Slow heart rate monitored after naloxone administration.
182
Redosing
Repeat naloxone if respiratory depression persists.
183
PCP
Dangerous hallucinogen with multiple street names.
184
Emergency Consequences
Unique effects of commonly abused drugs.
185
Commonly Abused Drugs
Includes PCP, cocaine, amphetamines, and MDMA.
186
Monitoring During Transport
Carefully observe patient for stability en route.
187
Naloxone Administration Steps
Follow specific steps for effective naloxone delivery.
188
Local Protocol
Follow regional guidelines for naloxone use.
189
PCP
A cheap drug causing severe psychological effects.
190
Body Fat Storage
PCP is stored in body fat, releasing upon weight loss.
191
Cocaine
Commonly used drug with serious medical complications.
192
Forms of Cocaine
Inhaled, injected, smoked, or free-based forms exist.
193
Crack Cocaine
Almost pure cocaine that is smoked.
194
Cocaine Addiction
Cocaine is highly addictive and can cause fatal overdoses.
195
Amphetamines
Stimulants available in tablets, powders, or crystals.
196
Methamphetamines
A potent form of amphetamines, often smoked or injected.
197
Street Names for Methamphetamines
Known as crank, go, ice, or crystal.
198
Hallucinogenic Amphetamines
Cause hallucinations and are often ingested.
199
Street Names for Hallucinogens
Includes Adam, ecstasy, Eve, and tranquility.
200
Central Nervous System Stimulant
Amphetamines stimulate the CNS, causing excitement.
201
Methamphetamine Effects
Can cause hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, and hallucinations.
202
Skin Sensation
Users may feel bugs crawling under their skin.
203
PABS (Bath Salts)
Synthetic drugs with stimulant properties, not hygiene-related.
204
PABS Effects
Similar to methamphetamine and cocaine, causing severe symptoms.
205
Tolerance and Withdrawal
Long-term use of PABS leads to tolerance and cravings.
206
PABS Administration Routes
Users can snort, inject, smoke, or ingest PABS.
207
Sympathetic Stimulation
PABS can cause tachycardia, hypertension, and hyperthermia.
208
Altered Mental Status
PABS use leads to paranoia, agitation, and hallucinations.
209
MDMA (Ecstasy)
Psychoactive drug producing empathy and euphoria.
210
MDMA Street Names
Also known as E, X, XTC, and Smarties.
211
MDMA Usage
Typically taken orally, effects last several hours.
212
Rave Culture
MDMA is popular in clubs and festivals.
213
Dehydration
Loss of body water, often from sweating.
214
Hyperthermia
Dangerously high body temperature.
215
Bruxism
Clenching and grinding of teeth.
216
Insomnia
Inability to sleep or stay asleep.
217
Increased perspiration
Excessive sweating beyond normal levels.
218
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heart rate.
219
Hypertension
Elevated blood pressure above normal.
220
Loss of appetite
Reduced desire to eat food.
221
Nausea
Feeling of sickness with an urge to vomit.
222
Diarrhea
Frequent, loose, or watery bowel movements.
223
Mydriasis
Dilated pupils, often due to drug use.
224
Anxiety
Intense worry or fear about future events.
225
Paranoia
Irrational distrust or suspicion of others.
226
Restlessness
Inability to remain still or calm.
227
Memory impairment
Difficulty recalling information or events.
228
Depression
Persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest.
229
Intracranial hemorrhage
Bleeding within the skull, can be life-threatening.
230
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Severe lung condition causing breathing difficulties.
231
Cerebral edema
Swelling of the brain due to fluid accumulation.
232
Hyperpyrexia
Extreme elevation of body temperature.
233
Cheyne-Stokes respirations
Pattern of breathing with cycles of apnea.
234
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Main psychoactive component in cannabis.
235
Cannabis
Plant used recreationally or medicinally for psychoactive effects.
236
Short-term memory decrease
Loss of recent memory function.
237
Dry mouth
Reduced saliva production leading to thirst.
238
Impaired motor skills
Decreased coordination and physical control.
239
Reddening of the eyes
Increased blood flow causing eye redness.
240
Tachycardia
Increased heart rate above normal.
241
Decrease in blood pressure
Lowered blood pressure levels.
242
Auditory illusions
False perceptions of sounds.
243
Visual illusions
False perceptions of visual stimuli.
244
Pseudohallucinations
Vivid sensory experiences recognized as unreal.
245
Ataxia
Lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movements.
246
Onset of effects
Begins within minutes when smoked.
247
Duration of effects
Effects can last several hours.
248
Medical marijuana
Used to alleviate symptoms of specific diseases.
249
THC toxicity
Low toxicity, not directly fatal.
250
Synthetic cannabinoid
Manufactured chemical mimicking THC effects.
251
New psychoactive substance (NPS)
Unregulated substances with mind-altering effects.
252
Herbal incense
Dried plants sprayed with synthetic cannabinoids.
253
Synthetic marijuana
Legal alternative to natural marijuana.
254
Common brand names
Includes K2, Spice, Joker, and others.
255
Addictive nature
Regular use leads to dependence and withdrawal.
256
Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome
Recurrent nausea and vomiting in chronic users.
257
Hot shower relief
Temporary symptom relief from hot showers.
258
Cessation effects
Stopping cannabis use eliminates symptoms.
259
Acute episode duration
Typically lasts days to weeks.
260
Hypothalamus role
Regulates body temperature and digestive function.
261
Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome
Condition causing severe nausea from long-term cannabis use.
262
Long-term cannabis use
Daily to weekly marijuana use over several years.
263
Cyclic vomiting
Vomiting occurs in a repeated pattern over months.
264
Colicky abdominal pain
Crampy abdominal pain associated with cannabinoid hyperemesis.
265
Periumbilical pain
Pain located around the umbilical area.
266
Epigastric pain
Pain in the upper central region of the abdomen.
267
Symptom relief with hot showers
Hot baths alleviate symptoms temporarily.
268
Symptom elimination after cessation
Stopping cannabis use resolves symptoms completely.
269
Emergency care focus
Ensure adequate airway, ventilation, oxygenation, circulation.
270
Signs of dehydration
Vomiting and frequent hot baths cause fluid loss.
271
Acute renal failure
Severe complication from untreated cannabinoid hyperemesis.
272
Medication overdose
Excessive intake of prescription or over-the-counter drugs.
273
Intentional overdose
Patient overdoses to achieve a desired effect.
274
Accidental overdose
Unintentional excessive drug intake due to misunderstanding.
275
Synergistic drug interactions
Combined effects of multiple medications can be dangerous.
276
Common overdose medications
Includes cardiac, psychiatric, OTC pain relief drugs.
277
Bradycardia
Slow heart rate, often seen in beta blocker overdose.
278
Hypotension
Low blood pressure, common in certain overdoses.
279
Acetaminophen overdose
Initially asymptomatic but can cause severe liver damage.
280
Huffing
Inhaling substances to achieve psychoactive effects.
281
Toluene
Common chemical used in huffing, found in paints.
282
Effects of huffing
Causes pleasure, muscle coordination issues, altered mental status.
283
Hypoxia
Oxygen deficiency due to inhaled toxins displacing oxygen.
284
Physical exam indicators
Look for paint or residue on lips or nose.
285
Huffer
Individual who inhales substances to get high.
286
Toluene
Chemical commonly found in paints and glues.
287
Freon
Refrigerant gas often misused for inhalation.
288
Gas Propellants
Substances used to propel aerosol products.
289
Inhaled Poisons
Substances that cause immediate systemic effects.
290
Respiratory Compromise
Condition where lung function is severely impaired.
291
Decontamination
Process of removing toxins from the body.
292
Toxidrome
Clinical syndrome associated with specific poison exposure.
293
Organ Impairments
Damage to heart, brain, or kidney functions.
294
Antidote
Substance that counteracts poison effects.
295
Patient Care Goals
Objectives for treating poisoning and overdose cases.
296
Absorption Symptoms
Nausea, vomiting, and altered mental status.
297
Ingestion Symptoms
Chemical burns, nausea, and respiratory depression.
298
Vital Function Loss
Deterioration of airway, breathing, or circulation.
299
Emergency Transport
Rapid transfer to medical facility for treatment.
300
Systemic Effects
Widespread effects throughout the body from toxins.
301
Respiratory Distress
Difficulty breathing due to lung damage.
302
Seizures
Neurological episodes caused by toxin exposure.
303
Dilated Pupils
Enlarged pupils indicating potential poisoning.
304
Chemical Burns
Tissue damage from exposure to harmful substances.
305
Sweating
Excessive perspiration often linked to poisoning.
