Chapter 20 Flashcards
(459 cards)
1
Q
Diabetes Mellitus
A
A chronic condition affecting glucose metabolism.
2
Q
Glucose
A
Primary energy source for body cells.
3
Q
Carbohydrates
A
Main food source, broken into simple sugars.
4
Q
Sucrose
A
Table sugar, a type of carbohydrate.
5
Q
Lactose
A
Sugar found in milk and dairy products.
6
Q
Starches
A
Complex carbohydrates found in potatoes and bread.
7
Q
Simple Sugars
A
Absorbed sugars including glucose, galactose, fructose.
8
Q
Blood Glucose Level
A
Concentration of glucose in the bloodstream.
9
Q
Brain Cells
A
Require glucose exclusively for energy.
10
Q
Osmotic Pressure
A
Water movement caused by glucose concentration.
11
Q
Edema
A
Swelling due to excess fluid in tissues.
12
Q
Hypoglycemia
A
Dangerously low blood glucose levels.
13
Q
Hyperglycemia
A
Dangerously high blood glucose levels.
14
Q
Brain Dysfunction
A
Altered mental status due to glucose depletion.
15
Q
Insulin
A
Hormone that helps glucose enter cells.
16
Q
Energy Sources
A
Fats and proteins can substitute for glucose.
17
Q
Dehydration
A
Loss of water from the body.
18
Q
Neurologic Injuries
A
Conditions like head injury or stroke.
19
Q
Glucose Administration
A
Careful use of glucose in neurologic emergencies.
20
Q
Cell Function
A
Impaired by lack of glucose or excess by-products.
21
Q
Glucose Absorption
A
Occurs in the digestive tract post-carbohydrate digestion.
22
Q
Complex Sugars
A
Sugars that are broken down into simpler forms.
23
Q
Consequences of Low Glucose
A
Deterioration of brain function and potential death.
24
Q
Excess Glucose
A
Glucose spills into urine, causing dehydration.
25
Diabetes Complication
Dehydration is common in diabetic patients.
26
Insulin
Hormone that lowers blood glucose levels.
27
Glucagon
Hormone that raises blood glucose levels.
28
Pancreas
Organ secreting insulin and glucagon.
29
Glycogen
Stored form of glucose in the liver.
30
Insulin Receptor
Site where insulin attaches on cell membranes.
31
Glucose Transport
Insulin opens channels for glucose entry into cells.
32
Blood-Brain Barrier
Allows glucose to enter brain without insulin.
33
Alternative Energy Sources
Cells use fats and proteins when glucose is low.
34
Emergency Care
Immediate treatment for low blood glucose levels.
35
Glucose Metabolism
Process of converting glucose to energy in cells.
36
Insulin Absence
Leads to increased blood glucose and cell starvation.
37
Brain Energy Source
Brain exclusively uses glucose for energy.
38
Glycogen Conversion
Glucagon converts glycogen back to glucose.
39
Noncarbohydrate Conversion
Glucagon converts other substances to glucose.
40
Blood Glucose Levels
Glucagon maintains glucose levels during fasting.
41
Insulin Facilitation
Insulin aids glucose movement into cells.
42
High Blood Glucose
Stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas.
43
Low Blood Glucose
Stimulates glucagon secretion from the pancreas.
44
Cellular Starvation
Occurs when glucose cannot enter cells.
45
Dehydration Mechanism
Excess glucose draws water into urine.
46
Brain Dysfunction
Occurs when glucose supply is insufficient.
47
Epinephrine
Hormone released during low blood glucose.
48
Insulin
Hormone that decreases blood glucose levels.
49
Glycogen
Stored form of glucose in liver and muscles.
50
Hypoglycemia
Condition of dangerously low blood glucose.
51
Glycogenolysis
Process of converting glycogen to glucose.
52
Gluconeogenesis
Conversion of noncarbohydrates into glucose.
53
Blood Glucose Level (BGL)
Measurement of glucose concentration in blood.
54
Fasting Blood Glucose
Blood glucose after not eating for hours.
55
Normal BGL Range
70 to 140 mg/dL for healthy individuals.
56
Postprandial Glucose
Blood glucose level after a meal.
57
Pancreas
Organ that secretes insulin and glucagon.
58
Liver
Organ that stores glycogen and produces glucose.
59
Kidneys
Organs that also release glucose from glycogen.
60
Glucose Uptake
Process of cells absorbing glucose from blood.
61
Blood Glucose Regulation
Maintaining stable blood glucose levels.
62
Adrenal Glands
Glands that release epinephrine during stress.
63
Brain Glucose Sensitivity
Brain's high sensitivity to glucose fluctuations.
64
Insulin Secretion
Release of insulin in response to high glucose.
65
Glucose Cycle
Repeating process of glucose regulation.
66
Diabetic Regulation
Impaired glucose regulation in diabetes.
67
Normal Metabolism
Regular metabolic processes maintaining glucose levels.
68
Blood Glucose Level (BGL)
Amount of glucose in the blood measured in mg/dL.
69
Glycogen
Stored glucose in the liver for energy.
70
Hypoglycemia
Low blood glucose, typically BGL of 70 mg/dL or less.
71
Hyperglycemia
High blood glucose, typically BGL greater than 130 mg/dL.
72
Glucometer
Device to measure blood glucose levels accurately.
73
Capillary Blood
Blood obtained from a finger stick for glucose testing.
74
Normal Blood Glucose Range
Typically 70 to 130 mg/dL for nondiabetic patients.
75
Postprandial Glucose
Blood glucose level after eating, rises to 180 mg/dL.
76
Fasting Blood Glucose
Blood glucose level after fasting, should be 70-100 mg/dL.
77
Diabetic Patient
Patient with diabetes, may have higher normal glucose levels.
78
Assessment Tips
Consider last meal timing when checking BGL.
79
Glucose Measurement Procedure
Follow manufacturer's steps for accurate glucose testing.
80
Altered Mental Status
Primary sign of hypoglycemia indicating low glucose levels.
81
Carbohydrate-containing Foods
Foods that significantly affect blood glucose levels.
82
Emergency Medical Care
Use BGL readings alongside patient history for treatment.
83
Expired Test Strips
Can lead to inaccurate readings in glucose meters.
84
Calibration of Device
Ensures accuracy of blood glucose meter readings.
85
Glucose Meter Usage
Requires proper training to avoid inaccurate results.
86
Blood Glucose Fluctuations
Normal variations based on food intake and activity.
87
Glucose Concentration Reading
Numerical value indicating glucose level in blood.
88
Diabetic Emergency
Condition requiring immediate treatment based on BGL.
89
Energy Sources
Fats and proteins used when glycogen stores are depleted.
90
Portable Blood Glucose Meters
Devices used by EMS and patients for glucose testing.
91
Glucometer
Device for measuring blood glucose levels.
92
Lancet
Small device used to prick the skin.
93
Lancet device
Tool that aids in finger pricking.
94
Blood flow
Movement of blood to the fingers.
95
Test strip
Strip used to analyze blood glucose.
96
Alcohol swab
Used to cleanse the pricking site.
97
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high blood glucose levels.
98
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Condition with disrupted carbohydrate metabolism.
99
Insulin
Hormone regulating glucose uptake by cells.
100
Cell receptors
Sites that recognize insulin for glucose entry.
101
Glucose metabolism
Process of using glucose for energy.
102
Blood glucose value
Result displayed after glucose testing.
103
Biohazard container
Container for disposing of medical waste.
104
Pricking technique
Method for obtaining blood sample efficiently.
105
Warm fingers
Improves blood flow for better sampling.
106
Drop of blood
Required amount for glucose testing.
107
Waste first drop
First blood drop is discarded for accuracy.
108
Testing time
Blood glucose value displayed in 40-45 seconds.
109
Glucose entry
Process of glucose entering cells for energy.
110
Energy starvation
Cells lack glucose, must use fat for energy.
111
Brain glucose access
Brain cells can use glucose without insulin.
112
Manufacturer's recommendations
Guidelines for using glucose meters and strips.
113
Blood glucose collection
Gathering blood for testing from fingertip.
114
Blood Glucose Level
Concentration of glucose in the blood.
115
Kidney Reabsorption
Process of kidneys reclaiming substances from urine.
116
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst due to dehydration.
117
Polyuria
Frequent urination caused by high glucose.
118
Polyphagia
Increased hunger due to energy starvation.
119
Three Ps
Common signs of diabetes: polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia.
120
Hyperglycemia
High blood glucose levels in diabetes.
121
Type 1 Diabetes
Insulin-dependent diabetes, requires insulin injections.
122
Type 2 Diabetes
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes, managed with diet and drugs.
123
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Severe hyperglycemic condition in Type 1 diabetes.
124
Hypoglycemia
Low blood glucose levels, can be dangerous.
125
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS)
Severe hyperglycemia without ketosis in Type 2 diabetes.
126
A1C Test
Measures average blood glucose over three months.
127
Fasting Blood Glucose
Blood glucose after fasting, typically >126 mg/dL in diabetes.
128
Random Blood Glucose
Blood glucose at any time, typically >200 mg/dL in diabetes.
129
Dehydration
Loss of body water, often due to polyuria.
130
Blurry Vision
Visual impairment due to fluid changes from glucose.
131
Insulin
Hormone regulating blood glucose levels.
132
Diet and Exercise
Key management strategies for Type 2 diabetes.
133
Fat Deposits
Blockages in blood vessels leading to complications.
134
Diabetes Prevalence
Approximately 10% of the population has diabetes.
135
Demographics of Diabetes
More common in white individuals than non-white.
136
Peak Onset Ages
Type 1 diabetes peaks at ages 5-15 and 10-14.
137
A1C Test
Measures average blood glucose over months.
138
Normal A1C Range
Normal A1C for non-diabetics is 4-5.6%.
139
Prediabetes A1C Range
A1C between 5.7-6.4% indicates prediabetes.
140
Diabetes A1C Level
A1C of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes.
141
Blood Sugar Levels
Table correlates A1C percentage with blood sugar.
142
Hypoglycemia
Low blood glucose level, typically below 70 mg/dL.
143
Hyperglycemia
High blood glucose level, exceeding normal limits.
144
Acute Diabetic Emergencies
Conditions from extreme blood glucose levels.
145
Altered Mental Status
Common sign of hypoglycemia in diabetics.
146
Insulin Overdose
Excess insulin can cause severe hypoglycemia.
147
Type 1 Diabetes
More prone to hypoglycemia due to insulin use.
148
Type 2 Diabetes
Can also experience hypoglycemia from medications.
149
Brain Energy Source
Brain cells primarily use glucose for energy.
150
Severe Hypoglycemia
Annual severe episodes in diabetics are common.
151
Self-Treated Hypoglycemia
Mild episodes occur 1-2 times weekly.
152
Insulin Function
Insulin helps move glucose into body cells.
153
BGL Definition
Blood glucose level; critical for diabetes management.
154
Hypoglycemia Symptoms
Signs include confusion, dizziness, and weakness.
155
Insulin and Meals
Insulin must be balanced with food intake.
156
Prolonged Hypoglycemia
Can occur with long-lasting oral diabetes medications.
157
Emergency Monitoring
Patients need monitoring if hypoglycemia is severe.
158
Glucose Binding
Glucose binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
159
A1C Correlation Table
Table 20-2 shows A1C and average blood sugar.
160
Hypoglycemia
Low blood glucose causing brain dysfunction.
161
Insulin Shock
Historical term for severe hypoglycemia symptoms.
162
Glucagon
Hormone that increases blood glucose levels.
163
Tachycardia
Increased heart rate due to hypoglycemia.
164
Diaphoresis
Excessive sweating associated with hypoglycemia.
165
Mental Status Deterioration
Indicator of low blood glucose impact.
166
Brain Cell Dysfunction
Failure of brain cells due to glucose deprivation.
167
Signs of Hypoglycemia
Symptoms include confusion, drowsiness, and seizures.
168
Rapid Onset
Hypoglycemia symptoms appear within minutes.
169
Bizarre Behavior
Unusual actions due to hypoglycemia effects.
170
Pale, Cool Skin
Skin appearance during hypoglycemic episodes.
171
Warm Sensation
Feeling experienced during hypoglycemic reactions.
172
Seizures
Severe hypoglycemia can lead to convulsions.
173
Hemiparesis
Weakness on one side, mimicking stroke symptoms.
174
Altered Mental Status
Change in consciousness due to hypoglycemia.
175
Blood Glucose Levels
Critical for diagnosing hypoglycemia severity.
176
Medical Identification
Bracelets indicating diabetes for emergency recognition.
177
Intoxicated Appearance
Hypoglycemia may mimic alcohol intoxication.
178
Glucose Meter
Device used to measure blood glucose levels.
179
Treatment for Hypoglycemia
Immediate glucose administration to restore levels.
180
High Index of Suspicion
Critical in assessing altered mental status.
181
Severe Cases
Hypoglycemia can lead to coma or death.
182
Hypoglycemia
Condition of low blood glucose levels.
183
Alcohol's effect on glucose
Alcohol inhibits glucose production from noncarbohydrates.
184
Hypoglycemia Unawareness
Inability to recognize hypoglycemia symptoms over time.
185
Emergency Care for Hypoglycemia
Immediate sugar administration to raise blood glucose.
186
Open airway
First step for unresponsive hypoglycemic patients.
187
Administer oxygen
Provide supplemental oxygen if patient shows shock signs.
188
Blood glucose assessment
Measure glucose levels to guide treatment.
189
Oral glucose
Medication of choice for hypoglycemic patients.
190
Altered mental status
Change in consciousness affecting patient response.
191
Positive pressure ventilation
Used if breathing is inadequate.
192
Nasal cannula
Device for delivering supplemental oxygen.
193
Nonrebreather mask
Used when nasal cannula fails to provide oxygen.
194
High-sugar food
Quick source to raise blood glucose levels.
195
Brain cell function
Dependent on adequate glucose supply.
196
Mental status improvement
Occurs when blood glucose levels are restored.
197
Squeeze method
Administer oral glucose between cheek and gum.
198
Tongue depressor method
Use depressor to place glucose in mouth.
199
Severe hypoglycemia
Can lead to brain cell death.
200
Patient reassessment
Continuous monitoring for condition changes.
201
Emergency protocols
Guidelines for contacting advanced life support.
202
Glucose gel
Heavy sugar gel for rapid glucose delivery.
203
Diabetic patients
Individuals with diabetes requiring careful glucose management.
204
Glutose
A trade name for oral glucose.
205
Insta-Glucose
Another trade name for oral glucose.
206
Altered mental status
Change in consciousness or awareness level.
207
Diabetes history
Previous diagnosis of diabetes requiring medication.
208
Blood glucose level
Measurement of glucose concentration in blood.
209
Swallowing ability
Patient's capacity to safely ingest medication.
210
Contraindications
Conditions preventing safe administration of medication.
211
Unresponsive patient
A patient who does not respond to stimuli.
212
Hypoglycemia
Low blood glucose level requiring treatment.
213
Medication form
Oral glucose is a viscous gel.
214
Dosage
Typical dosage is one tube of gel.
215
Medical direction
Guidance from a medical professional for treatment.
216
On-line order
Direct consultation with medical direction before administration.
217
Off-line medical direction
Authority to administer without direct consultation.
218
Airway monitoring
Observation to prevent obstruction during administration.
219
Administration methods
Two ways: cheek and gum or tongue depressor.
220
Choking risk
Potential danger of obstructing airway with gel.
221
Absorption enhancement
Lightly massaging the area increases glucose uptake.
222
Blood glucose reassessment
Evaluation of glucose levels after medication administration.
223
Oxygen administration
Providing oxygen at high concentration if needed.
224
Protocol requirements
Local guidelines for administering oral glucose.
225
Criteria for administration
Three conditions must be met for oral glucose use.
226
Seizure preparedness
Be ready to suction if patient seizes.
227
Altered Mental Status
A condition where a patient shows confusion or disorientation.
228
Open Airway
Ensure unobstructed breathing passage for the patient.
229
Suctioning
Removing obstructions from the airway as needed.
230
Oxygenation
Providing adequate oxygen to the patient.
231
Lateral Recumbent Position
Patient lying on their side for safety.
232
Transport
Moving the patient to a medical facility.
233
Oral Glucose
Sugar administered to raise blood glucose levels.
234
Intranasal Glucagon
Glucagon administered through the nasal mucosa.
235
Glycogenolysis
Conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver.
236
Gluconeogenesis
Conversion of noncarbohydrates to glucose in the liver.
237
Blood Glucose Level (BGL)
Measurement of glucose concentration in the blood.
238
Mucosal Atomizer Device (MAD)
Device used for intranasal medication administration.
239
Intramuscular (IM) Administration
Injecting medication directly into muscle tissue.
240
Subcutaneous (SQ) Administration
Injecting medication into the tissue layer between skin and muscle.
241
Severe Altered Mental Status
Significant confusion requiring immediate medical attention.
242
Hyperglycemia
Condition of high blood glucose levels.
243
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Severe complication of diabetes with high glucose and ketones.
244
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS)
Severe hyperglycemia without ketosis, common in type 2 diabetes.
245
Insulin Deficiency
Lack of insulin leading to high blood glucose.
246
Diabetic Patient Assessment
Evaluating for infection or medication noncompliance in hyperglycemia.
247
Onset of Action
Time taken for a drug to start working.
248
Emergency Care for DKA
Immediate treatment needed for high blood glucose and ketones.
249
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
A serious diabetes complication from insulin deficiency.
250
Insulin
Hormone that facilitates glucose entry into cells.
251
Glucose
Simple sugar used for energy by cells.
252
Ketones
By-products of fat metabolism, causing acidosis.
253
Acidosis
Condition of increased acidity in the blood.
254
Dehydration
Excessive loss of body water, often from urination.
255
Polyuria
Excessive urination due to high glucose levels.
256
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst resulting from dehydration.
257
Polyphagia
Excessive hunger due to lack of glucose in cells.
258
Kussmaul respirations
Rapid, deep breathing pattern in acidosis.
259
Altered mental status
Cognitive impairment due to dehydration and acidosis.
260
Electrolyte imbalance
Disruption of normal electrolyte levels, affecting heart.
261
Urinary tract infection
Infection that can exacerbate DKA in patients.
262
Thiazide diuretics
Medications that can increase blood glucose levels.
263
Dilantin
Medication that may affect insulin function.
264
Steroids
Medications that can raise blood glucose levels.
265
Stress response
Physiological reaction that can worsen hyperglycemia.
266
Fruity breath odor
Characteristic smell from ketone production in DKA.
267
Positive orthostatic tilt test
Indicates dehydration by measuring blood pressure changes.
268
Poor skin turgor
Indicator of dehydration, especially in elderly.
269
Nausea and vomiting
Symptoms often due to electrolyte disturbances.
270
Muscle cramps
Result from electrolyte imbalances in DKA.
271
Abdominal pain
Common symptom in children with DKA.
272
Warm, dry, flushed skin
Physical sign of dehydration in DKA. Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
273
Kussmaul respirations
Deep, rapid breathing to reduce body acid.
274
Carbon dioxide
Gas that forms carbonic acid in the body.
275
Fruity odor
Breath smell from ketones, resembling acetone.
276
Altered mental status
Cognitive impairment due to dehydration and acid.
277
Hyperventilation
Increased breathing rate to expel carbon dioxide.
278
Dehydration
Excessive loss of body fluids, common in DKA.
279
Signs of DKA
Dry skin, fruity breath, and altered mental state.
280
Blood glucose level
Elevated in DKA, often exceeding normal limits.
281
Emergency care for DKA
Focus on rehydration and lowering blood glucose.
282
Insulin therapy
Administered to reduce blood glucose in DKA.
283
Patient assessment
Evaluate signs and symptoms of diabetic emergencies.
284
Acid load
Excess acid in the body, affecting function.
285
Ketone bodies
Acids produced during fat metabolism in DKA.
286
Acute effects
Rapid onset symptoms, unlike DKA's gradual progression.
287
Tachycardia
Increased heart rate, common in DKA.
288
Emergency medical technician (EMT)
First responders providing initial care for DKA.
289
Advanced life support (ALS)
Higher level of care, including IV fluids.
290
Oral hypoglycemic agents
Medications used to manage blood glucose levels.
291
Vomiting in DKA
Common symptom indicating gastrointestinal distress.
292
Abdominal pain
Frequent complaint in DKA patients.
293
Patient airway management
Crucial first step in emergency DKA care.
294
Poor perfusion
Inadequate blood flow to tissues.
295
Shock
Critical condition with insufficient blood circulation.
296
Supplemental oxygen
Additional oxygen provided to maintain adequate levels.
297
Oxygen saturation
Percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen.
298
Nasal cannula
Device delivering supplemental oxygen via nostrils.
299
Liter flow
Rate of oxygen delivery measured in liters per minute.
300
Nonrebreather mask
Oxygen mask preventing rebreathing of exhaled air.
301
Positive pressure ventilation
Assisted breathing using mechanical devices.
302
Blood glucose level (BGL)
Measurement of glucose concentration in blood.
303
Oral glucose
Glucose administered by mouth for hypoglycemia.
304
Hyperglycemic condition
State of elevated blood glucose levels.
305
Hypoglycemic condition
State of low blood glucose levels.
306
Brain cell damage
Cellular injury due to lack of glucose.
307
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS)
Severe hyperglycemia causing dehydration and osmotic diuresis.
308
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Acidosis due to ketone production from fat metabolism.
309
Hyperosmolar effect
Fluid shift from cells to blood due to glucose.
310
Type 2 diabetes
Diabetes characterized by insulin resistance.
311
Insulin secretion
Release of insulin hormone from the pancreas.
312
Dehydration
Loss of body fluids leading to electrolyte imbalance.
313
Glucose meter reading
Measurement of blood glucose using a device.
314
Intracranial problems
Conditions affecting the brain's structure or function.
315
Glucose administration protocols
Guidelines for safe glucose delivery in emergencies.
316
Neurological outcome
Result of brain function following medical treatment.
317
HHS
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome, severe dehydration condition.
318
Nonketotic
Refers to absence of significant ketone production.
319
Blood Glucose Level (BGL)
Measure of glucose concentration in blood.
320
Glycogenolysis
Liver process converting glycogen to glucose.
321
Dehydration
Loss of body water, leading to severe symptoms.
322
Altered Mental Status
Cognitive impairment due to dehydration effects.
323
Tachycardia
Increased heart rate, common in HHS patients.
324
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst, a symptom of HHS.
325
Oliguria
Scanty urine output, often seen in dehydration.
326
Seizures
Neurological events more common in HHS than hypoglycemia.
327
Comorbid Factors
Preexisting conditions influencing HHS severity.
328
Positive Orthostatic Tilt Test
Indicates blood pressure changes upon standing.
329
Poor Skin Turgor
Skin elasticity loss, sign of dehydration.
330
Dry Oral Mucosa
Dryness in mouth, indicative of fluid loss.
331
Dry, Warm Skin
Skin condition often observed in dehydrated patients.
332
Nausea and Vomiting
Gastrointestinal symptoms associated with HHS.
333
Kussmaul Respirations
Deep, labored breathing absent in HHS.
334
Fruity Odor
Breath characteristic of DKA, not present in HHS.
335
Emergency Medical Care
Similar protocols for HHS and DKA management.
336
Insulin Availability
Some insulin present, allowing limited glucose entry.
337
Glucose Urination
High glucose levels lead to increased urine output.
338
Mortality Rate
High risk of death due to severe dehydration.
339
Patent Airway
Clear and open airway for effective breathing.
340
Oxygenation
Sufficient oxygen supply to body tissues.
341
Supplemental Oxygen
Additional oxygen provided when levels are low.
342
Nasal Cannula
Device delivering oxygen through the nose.
343
Titrated Flow
Adjusting oxygen flow to achieve target saturation.
344
Nonrebreather Mask
Mask providing high concentration oxygen to patients.
345
Positive Pressure Ventilation
Assisted breathing using a mechanical device.
346
Oral Glucose
Sugar administered by mouth to raise blood sugar.
347
Altered Mental Status
Change in awareness or cognitive function.
348
Diabetic Emergency
Acute condition related to diabetes management.
349
Scene Size-Up
Initial assessment of the emergency scene.
350
Primary Assessment
First evaluation of the patient's condition.
351
Medical Alert Tags
Identification indicating a patient's medical history.
352
Insulin Pump
Device delivering continuous insulin to diabetic patients.
353
SAMPLE History
Method for gathering patient history: Signs, Allergies, Medications, Past medical history, Last oral intake, Events.
354
Hypoglycemia
Low blood glucose level causing symptoms.
355
Rehydration
Restoration of body fluids, often needed in emergencies.
356
Advanced Life Support
Higher level of medical care for critical patients.
357
Diabetes Mellitus
Chronic condition affecting blood sugar regulation.
358
Prescription Medications
Drugs prescribed for managing diabetes.
359
Documentation
Recording patient information for medical personnel.
360
Regular insulin
Short-acting insulin for blood glucose control.
361
Insulin aspart
Rapid-acting insulin, brand name NovoLog.
362
Insulin glulisine
Rapid-acting insulin, brand name Apidra.
363
Insulin lispro
Rapid-acting insulin, brand name Humalog.
364
Insulin isophane
Intermediate-acting insulin, Humulin N or Novolin N.
365
Insulin degludec
Long-acting insulin, brand name Tresiba.
366
Insulin detemir
Long-acting insulin, brand name Levemir.
367
Insulin glargine
Long-acting insulin, brands Lantus and Toujeo.
368
NovoLog Mix 70/30
70% insulin aspart protamine, 30% insulin aspart.
369
Humalog Mix 75/25
75% insulin lispro protamine, 25% insulin lispro.
370
Humalog Mix 50/50
50% insulin lispro protamine, 50% insulin lispro.
371
Humulin 70/30
70% human insulin NPH, 30% regular human insulin.
372
Novolin 70/30
70% human insulin NPH, 30% regular human insulin.
373
Ryzodeg
Combination of insulin degludec and insulin aspart.
374
Pramlintide
Amylin analog for diabetes management.
375
Acarbose
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor for Type 2 diabetes.
376
Metformin
First-line oral medication for Type 2 diabetes.
377
Sitagliptin
DPP-4 inhibitor for blood sugar control.
378
Dulaglutide
GLP-1 receptor agonist for Type 2 diabetes.
379
Empagliflozin
SGLT2 inhibitor for glucose excretion.
380
Glipizide
Sulfonylurea that increases insulin secretion.
381
Altered Mental Status
Change in cognitive function due to various causes.
382
Hypoglycemia
Low blood glucose level causing altered mental state.
383
Epinephrine Release
Hormone causing symptoms like tachycardia and sweating.
384
Tachycardia
Elevated heart rate often linked to stress or hypoglycemia.
385
Pale Skin
Skin appearance due to vasoconstriction or shock.
386
Cool, Clammy Skin
Skin condition from hypoglycemia or epinephrine release.
387
Intoxicated Appearance
Behavior resembling intoxication due to altered mental state.
388
Seizure Activity
Uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain, can occur in hypoglycemia.
389
Bizarre Behavior
Uncharacteristic actions often seen in altered mental status.
390
Combativeness
Aggressive behavior possibly resulting from confusion or distress.
391
Anxiousness
Feeling of unease, common in hypoglycemic patients.
392
Restlessness
Inability to remain still, often due to discomfort.
393
Insulin Injection Bruising
Marks indicating insulin administration, potential site for complications.
394
Blood Glucose Level (BGL)
Measurement of glucose in blood, critical for diabetes management.
395
Oropharyngeal Airway
Device used to maintain open airway in unconscious patients.
396
Nasopharyngeal Airway
Tube inserted through the nose to secure airway.
397
Positive Pressure Ventilation
Assisted breathing technique for inadequate respiratory function.
398
Nasal Cannula
Device delivering supplemental oxygen through the nose.
399
Nonrebreather Mask
Oxygen delivery mask providing high concentration of oxygen.
400
Lateral Recumbent Position
Side-lying position to reduce aspiration risk.
401
Reassessment
Ongoing evaluation of patient's condition after treatment.
402
Oral Glucose Administration
Providing glucose by mouth to treat hypoglycemia.
403
Glucose Meter
Device used to measure blood glucose levels.
404
Time for Improvement
Duration before effects of oral glucose are noticeable.
405
Blood Glucose Level
Measurement of glucose concentration in blood.
406
Mental Status
Patient's awareness and cognitive function level.
407
Stroke
Sudden loss of brain function due to blood flow.
408
Oral Glucose
Sugar administered to raise blood glucose levels.
409
Patent Airway
Open airway allowing unobstructed breathing.
410
Adequate Breathing
Sufficient respiratory effort for oxygen exchange.
411
Oxygenation
Process of delivering oxygen to body tissues.
412
Emergency Care Protocol
Guidelines for managing acute medical conditions.
413
Assessment Findings
Results from evaluating a patient's health status.
414
Hypoglycemia
Condition of low blood glucose levels.
415
Morbidity
Health complications resulting from a disease.
416
Glucose Monitoring
Regular checking of blood sugar levels.
417
Symptomatic Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia presenting with clinical symptoms.
418
Inclusion Criteria
Conditions qualifying a patient for treatment.
419
Altered Level of Consciousness
Change in awareness or responsiveness.
420
Stroke Symptoms
Signs indicating possible stroke occurrence.
421
Seizure
Sudden uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain.
422
Alcohol Ingestion
Consumption of alcoholic beverages affecting health.
423
Metabolic Disorders
Conditions disrupting normal metabolism processes.
424
Insulin Pump
Device delivering continuous insulin to patients.
425
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heart rate over 100 bpm.
426
Hypotension
Abnormally low blood pressure.
427
GCS
Glasgow Coma Scale for assessing consciousness.
428
Dextrose Solution
Sugar solution used to treat hypoglycemia.
429
Glucagon
Hormone used to raise blood glucose levels.
430
Adult Dosing
Medication dosage guidelines for adults.
431
Pediatric Dosing
Medication dosage guidelines for children.
432
Reassess Patient
Evaluate patient's condition after initial treatment.
433
Euglycemia
Normal blood glucose levels.
434
Transport Protocol
Guidelines for patient transport after treatment.
435
Legal Guardian Consent
Approval from a responsible adult for treatment.
436
Co-morbid Symptoms
Additional health issues present alongside primary condition.
437
Carbohydrate Meal
Food rich in carbohydrates to restore energy.
438
Hyperglycemia
Elevated blood glucose levels causing various symptoms.
439
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Severe complication of diabetes with metabolic acidosis.
440
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)
Severe hyperglycemia without significant ketoacidosis.
441
Patient Care Goals
Limit morbidity through glucose monitoring and hydration.
442
Inclusion Criteria
Conditions for patient eligibility for hyperglycemia care.
443
Altered Level of Consciousness
Change in awareness affecting responsiveness and cognition.
444
Stroke Symptoms
Neurological signs like hemiparesis or dysarthria.
445
Seizure
Sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain.
446
Symptoms of Hyperglycemia
Signs include polyuria, polydipsia, weakness, dizziness.
447
History of Diabetes
Previous diagnosis of diabetes with current symptoms.
448
Exclusion Criteria
Conditions that disqualify a patient from treatment.
449
Cardiac Arrest
Condition where the heart stops beating effectively.
450
Blood Glucose Level Monitoring
Checking glucose levels to assess hyperglycemia severity.
451
Secondary Survey
Comprehensive assessment for symptoms related to glucose levels.
452
Glasgow Coma Score (GCS)
Scale to assess consciousness level in patients.
453
Focal Neurologic Deficit
Localized neurological impairment indicating brain issues.
454
Lead EKG
Electrocardiogram to check heart's electrical activity.
455
Volume Expansion
Administering fluids to increase blood volume.
456
Cerebral Edema
Swelling of the brain, potentially life-threatening.
457
Hyponatremia
Low sodium levels in the blood, can be dangerous.
458
Asymptomatic Hyperglycemia
High blood sugar without noticeable symptoms.
459
Kussmaul Respirations
Rapid, deep breathing associated with metabolic acidosis.
