Chapter 17

Question 1

Caused by any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one’s physical or emotional well being

Answer 1

stress

Question 2

Physical causes of stress

Answer 2

injury, surgery, infection, intense exercise, pain, greif, depression, anger

Question 3

Chemical messengers that travel in the blood stream to other tissues and organs

Answer 3

hormones

Question 4

Hypothalamus

Answer 4

TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH

Question 5

Luteinizing hormone

Answer 5

the pituitary hormone that stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone

Question 6

follicle stimulating hormone

Answer 6

the hormone that stimulates sperm production

Question 7

A condition defined as a disruption of a carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism resulting from hypo secretion or inaction of insulin is

Answer 7

diabetes mellitus

Question 8

peptide hormones

Answer 8

oxytocin, insulin, follicle stimulating hormone

Question 9

Pituitary

Answer 9

endocrine gland housed in sphenoid

Question 10

Hormones secreted by the ovary

Answer 10

estradiol, inhibin, progesterone

Question 11

Peptides and catecholamines are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate a target cell. Therfore they bind to receptors on the…

Answer 11

cell surface

Question 12

Pancreas

Answer 12

Endocrine gland that is an elongated, spongy gland located below and behind the stomach, and is primarily an exocrine digestive gland

Question 13

Steroid hormones enter the target cell nucleus and directly on the……. changing target cell physiology by either activating or inhibiting transcription

Answer 13

genes

Question 14

Thyroid gland

Answer 14

the gland located immediately below the larynx that is shaped like a butterfly

Question 15

3 types of interactive effects hormones can have on their target cells

Answer 15

permissive, antagonistic, synergistic

Question 16

Hormones classified as steroid hormones

Answer 16

testosterone, cortisol

Question 17

Cortisol

Answer 17

a potent glucocorticoid that stimulates fat and protein, catabolism, gluconeogenesis, and release of fatty acids into the blood

Question 18

Groups of hormones from the adrenal cortex that have various developmental and reproductive functions

Answer 18

sex steroids

Question 19

Target cells of insulin

Answer 19

liver, adipose, muscle

Question 20

Steroid hormones are derived from the precursor….

Answer 20

cholesterol

Question 21

List 2 main risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus

Answer 21

sedentary lifestyle, obesity

Question 22

thyroid hormone accelerates…

Answer 22

the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Question 23

Once a steroid or thyroid hormone binds to its receptor, the receptor-hormone complex associates with a target gene and controls gene…

Answer 23

transcription

Question 24

Stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium and excrete potassium

Answer 24

aldosterone

Question 25

Endocrine glands

Answer 25

Glands that secrete their product into interstitial fluid of blood

Question 26

List in order of occurrence, the stage of the general adaption syndrome (GAS)

Answer 26

- alarm reaction - stage of resistance - stage of exhaustion

Question 27

List several hyper glycemic (raises blood glucose levels) hormones

Answer 27

epinephrine, glucagon, cortisol

Question 28

Hormone specificity

Answer 28

each hormone binds to only one receptor

Question 29

functions of testosterone

Answer 29

development of male physique, development of the male reproductive system, sex drive

Question 30

Pituitary cell type with the hormone

Answer 30

``` somatropes= growth lactotropes= prolactin corticotropes= adrenocorticotropic hormone gonadotropes= follicle-stimulating hormone ```

Question 31

Second- messenger system actions

Answer 31

- hormone receptor binding activates G-protein - G-protein activates adenylate cyclase - adenylate cyclase produces cAMP - cAMP activates protein kinases

Question 32

hormones produced by liver

Answer 32

hepcidin, erythropoietin, insulin-like growth factor

Question 33

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 33

the hormone that stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone

Question 34

Calcitonin

Answer 34

The hormone that inhibits osteoclast activity and thus prevents an increase in blood calcium levels

Question 35

Congenital hypothyroidism

Answer 35

thyroid hyposecretion present from birth

Question 36

Aldosterone

Answer 36

The hormone produced by the zone glomerulosa of the adrenal gland that helps maintain blood pressure and blood volume

Question 37

Thyroxine

Answer 37

The thyroid hormone that is secreted in greatest quantity, with four iodine atoms

Question 38

List the substances secreted by pancreatic islet cells

Answer 38

glucagon, insulin, somatostatin

Question 39

List the catecholamines secreted by the adrenal medulla

Answer 39

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

Question 40

The action of the catecholamines is to

Answer 40

increase alertness and prepare the body for physical activity

Question 41

The kidneys secrete the hormones

Answer 41

erythropoietin, calcitrol