Chapter 18

Question 1

hemopoiesis

Answer 1

the process of formation of all the good formed elements

Question 2

lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils and monocytes are all examples of…

Answer 2

leukocytes

Question 3

The cardio vascular system includes

Answer 3

blood vessels, heart

Question 4

leukopenia

Answer 4

total white blood cell count below 5,000

Question 5

leukocytosis

Answer 5

total white blood cell count above 10,000

Question 6

leukemia

Answer 6

extraordinarily high numbers of leukocytes and their precursors

Question 7

Steps of hemostasis

Answer 7

• vascular spasm
• platelet plug formation
• blood coagulation

Question 8

Formed elements of blood

Answer 8

platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells

Question 9

Iron is critical for the synthesis of ______, the oxygen-carrying in red blood cells

Answer 9

hemoglobin

Question 10

describe normal erythrocytes

Answer 10

contain hemoglobin to transport gases like oxygen, discoidal cells with a biconcave shape

Question 11

The circulatory system consists of

Answer 11

the heart, blood vessels and blood

Question 12

The cardiovascular system consists of

Answer 12

the heart, and blood vessels

Question 13

plasma

Answer 13

the fluid component of blood, a complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, hormones and gases

Question 14

List some functions of the circulatory system

Answer 14

regulation (buffers acids and bases), transport (nutrients, gases, etc), protection (limits spread of infection)

Question 15

components of blood

Answer 15

matrix (plasma), white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets

Question 16

percent composition of white blood cells

Answer 16

• basophils .05%
• eosinophils 2-4%
• monocytes 3-8%
• lymphocytes 25-33%
• neutrophils 60-70%

Question 17

development of WBCs or leukopoiesis

Answer 17

• hemopoietic stem cells (HSE)
• colony forming units (CFU)
• precursor cells (myoblasts, mono blasts, lymphoblasts)
• mature cells

Question 18

The biconcave blood cells that lack a nucleus and other organelles are called

Answer 18

erythrocytes

Question 19

hematology

Answer 19

the study of blood

Question 20

relative percentages in blood

Answer 20

• plasma 47-63%
• hematocrit 37-52%
• buffy coat 1% or less

Question 21

how are various plasma components replaced in the body?

Answer 21

• gamma globulins come from plasma cells
• water, nutrients and electrolytes are obtained through absorption in the digestive tract
• most proteins are produced by the liver

Question 22

leukopoiesis

Answer 22

the development of white blood cells

Question 23

causes of leukocytosis

Answer 23

dehydration, allergy, infection

Question 24

The transport function of plasma includes the transport of nutrients from…

Answer 24

the digestive system

Question 25

When a person receives a transfusion form a compatible blood type...

Answer 25

no change in the person's blood type occurs

Question 26

thrombosis

Answer 26

the abnormal clotting of blood in an unbroken vessel

Question 27

Functions of proteins in plasma

Answer 27

- body defense - clotting - transport of iron, copper, lipids, hydrophobic hormones

Question 28

2 characteristics of monocytes

Answer 28

- the cytoplasm contains sparse, fine granules | - the nucleus is a large and clearly visible, ovoid, kidney-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped

Question 29

What enzyme converts fibrinogen into fibrin?

Answer 29

thrombin

Question 30

A generlaized condition in which there is too little hemoglobin or too few erythrocytes is

Answer 30

anemia

Question 31

3 Clinical measurements that express the blood's ability to carry oxygen

Answer 31

hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, RBC count

Question 32

events that occur during fibrinolysis

Answer 32

- prekallikrein is converted to kallikrein - kallikrein catalyzes the formation of plasma - plasmin dissolves the blood clot

Question 33

When hypoxemia is detected, a mechanism of correction is initiated: erythropoietin is secreted by the kidneys and liver and the rate of erythropoeisis accelerates. This is an example of

Answer 33

negative feedback control

Question 34

What is the function of fibrin?

Answer 34

Create the framework of the clot

Question 35

functions of lymphocytes

Answer 35

- serve in immune memory - coordinate actions of other immune cells - destroy cancer cells, cells infected with viruses, and foreign cells - "present" antigens to activate other cells of immune system

Question 36

embolus

Answer 36

a blood clot that breaks loose and travels in the blood stream

Question 37

eosinophil

Answer 37

leukocyte that has a nucleus comprised of 2 large lobes and a cytoplasm with abundant rosy to orange-colored granules

Question 38

2 features of reticuloctyes that differ from a mature red blood cell

Answer 38

- RBCs are numbers; only .5%-1.5% of circulating blood cells are reticulocytes - reticulocytes have polyribosomes; RBCs do not

Question 39

Steps in iron metabolism from the moment of iron intake until it is absorbed

Answer 39

- A mixture of Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ is ingested - The stomach acid converts Fe3+ to Fe2+ - Fe2+ binds to gastroferritin - Gastroferritin carries Fe2+ to intestine for absorption

Question 40

Correct values of blood

Answer 40

- total WBC count= 5,000-10,000 - volume in females= 4-5L - volume in males= 5-6L - osmolarity=280-296 mOsm/L - pH 7.35-7.45

Question 41

Hemoglobin HbA

Answer 41

the most type in the adult; contains 2 alpha glob in chains and 2 beta glob in chains

Question 42

hemoglobin HbA2

Answer 42

about 2.5% of adult hemoglobin; contains 2 alpha globin chains and 2 delta globin chains

Question 43

Hemoglobin HbF

Answer 43

fetal hemoglobin; contains 2 alpha globin chains and 2 gamma globin chains; it binds oxygen tightly

Question 44

Characteristics of platelets

Answer 44

- normal count ranges from 130,000-400,000 - platelets are very small - they are not cells but small fragments of megakaryocytes

Question 45

basophil

Answer 45

the granulocyte whose granules contain heparin and histamine

Question 46

hematocrit

Answer 46

percentage of the blood's volume composed of erythrocytes

Question 47

functions of macrophages

Answer 47

- present antigens - phagocytize dead cells - destroy foreign antigens

Question 48

function of an antibody

Answer 48

to bind to an antigen and mark it for destruction

Question 49

myeloid hemopoiesis

Answer 49

formation of blood cells in the bone marrow

Question 50

thrombocytopenia

Answer 50

the condition in which the platelet count is less than 100,000

Question 51

hemostasis

Answer 51

limiting blood loss from an injured vessel

Question 52

lymphocyte

Answer 52

round dark blue staining nucleus, with a light blue cytoplasm

Question 53

Causes of hemolytic anemia

Answer 53

- sickle cell disease, thalassmia, malaria - snake and spider venom - blood type incompatibilities - penecillin allergy

Question 54

the buffy coat contains

Answer 54

WBC and platelets

Question 55

Characteristics of neutrophils

Answer 55

- have nuclei of various shapes | - are the most abundant leukocyte

Question 56

Albumin

Answer 56

most abundant plasma protein

Question 57

Functions of albumin

Answer 57

- maintenance of osmolarity - solute transport - pH buffering of plasma

Question 58

Order of erythropoiesis

Answer 58

- hemopoietic stem cell - colony-forming unit - erythroblast - reticulocyte - erythrocyte