Chapter 17 Flashcards by Bruna Pascual

During the last half of the 1800s, the dramatic industrial growth of the United States was caused by all of the following factors except

Low tariffs on imports

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The steel industry emerged in

western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio

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The shipping of iron ore was made easier by

The invention of the steam engine

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The purpose of the Bessemer-Kelly process was to

burn the impurities out of iron by blowing air through it

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The initial development of the steel industry was most significantly aided by the

invention of Bessemer and open-hearth processes

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The steel industry of the late 1800s prospered in all of the following states except

Arkansas

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The Duryea brothers invented the

first gasoline-driven motor vehicle

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The new method of management called “Taylorism” led directly to all of the following techniques except

vertical integration

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Railroads contributed to the economic growth of the United States in all of the following ways except

by encouraging diversified control of the transportation industries

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After the Civil War, the growth of railroads was aided by

subsidies from local, state, and federal governments

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After the Civil War, the emergence of the modern corporation was aided by all of the following developments except

the success of pool arrangements among various companies

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Andrew Carnegie rose “from rags to riches” by

cutting costs and prices for his products

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The combining of a number of firms engaged in the same business, such as the merging of many different petroleum drilling companies into one company, is an example of

horizontal integration

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John D. Rockefeller and other captains of industry engaged in the attempt to create monopolies through all of the following methods except

conglomerates

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A holding company is a form of consolidation in which a

central corporate body formally purchases the stocks of various corporations

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By the end of the 1800s, the use of pools, trusts, and holding companies by big business resulted in

a concentration of economic power in the hands of a few

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The American public opposed the large corporations and their misuse of power on the grounds that they were

threatening Republican society

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Despite the common belief in “rags to riches,” the power and wealth of most industrial tycoons were based on all of the following dubious practices except

abusing the public offices to which they were elected

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The “Erie War” of 1868 involved a form of corruption in which businessmen

gave payoffs to members of the state legislature in return for their support of favorable legislation

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The philosophy of Social Darwinism promoted the idea that

only the fittest individuals survived in a free marketplace

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Social Darwinism is the

sociological theory that humans can progress only if left free to compete with one another, with the finest surviving and the unfit perishing

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The philosophy of Social Darwinism appealed to some American businessmen because it justified their belief that

their business tactics were legitimate

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Herbert Spencer argued that society as a whole, and business in particular, benefited when the weak were eliminated and the strongest and fittest were left to prosper. This theory is called

Social Darwinism

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“The Gospel of Wealth,” as advanced by Andrew Carnegie, promoted the concept that people with wealth should

use their resources to help society

The idea that a rich person should be merely a trustee of wealth and should seek to use those funds for the good of the community is known as

the Gospel of Wealth

Russell H. Conwell’s lecture “Acres of Diamonds” advanced the idea that

great wealth was available to any industrious worker

The Reform Darwinism of men like Lester Frank Ward argued that

men can control their future by using government to wipe out poverty by adjusting the environment to their needs

The political concept that a “single tax” on land would destroy monopolies, distribute wealth more equally, and eliminate poverty was authored by

Henry George

As an alternative to Social Darwinism, Henry George’s 1879 book Progress and Poverty proposed

a tax on land that would distribute wealth more equitably

In Edward Bellamy’s novel Looking Backward, “nationalism” is defined as

government control and distribution of economic resources

Throughout the late 1800s and early 1900s, most Americans blamed monopolies for all of the following problems except

the rapid decline in the standard of living

As a result of the industrialization of the late 1800s, American workers experienced a

rise in their standard of living

In the late 1800s, the “new” immigrants to eastern cities tended to come from

southern and eastern Europe

In the late 1800s, the American laborers faced all of the following hardships except

paying high taxes on their wages

The increased employment of women and children in industry was due to

the decreasing need for skilled labor in the factories

By 1900, the percent of women who were wage earners was

Although 38 state legislatures passed child labor laws in the late 1800s, these laws generally proved ineffective because the majority of children

were employed in agriculture, which was usually exempt from the laws

In the 1870s, efforts by the labor unions to gain bargaining power were unsuccessful primarily because

many Americans feared the tactics of the unions and considered them too radical

The railroad strike of 1877 indicated that

business was becoming national rather than local in scope

The Knights of Labor was

by definition open to anyone who "toiled"

In its efforts to help workers, the American Federation of Labor sought

short-term gains such as pay increases, the eight-hour day, and improved working conditions

The American Federation of Labor (AFL) advocated

strikes

The Haymarket Square Riot of 1886 was

an indication to many members of the public that labor was riddled with radicals

The Homestead strike of 1892 was significant to the future of American labor because it

crippled the power of the steel workers to unionize

The outcome of the Pullman strike of 1894 indicated that the federal government would

intervene on the side of management rather than labor

Labor made few real gains during the last decades of the 1800s because of all the following circumstances except

the unions were comprised of primarily unskilled workers

The greatest significance for the worker of Frederick Taylor’s scientific management was

the need for fewer skilled workers, which led to greater employer control

All of the following contributed to the growth of industry in late nineteenth-century America except

the growth in canal mileage to transport raw materials and finished goods

Andrew Carnegie became the major supplier of

steel by using vertical integration to control all aspects of its manufacture

The main reason business leaders looked to establish monopolies in their industries was to

eliminate excessive competition, which made markets unstable

Henry George believed that the great inequality between rich and poor during the Industrial Revolution was a result of

rising land values that made owners wealthy at the expense of society

Over the course of the late nineteenth century, immigration to the United States

increasingly came from southern and eastern Europe

Women became a greater part of the industrial labor force in post–Civil War America because

many working-class families needed more than one income to survive

The first major labor union that organized on a national scale was

the Knights of Labor

In late-nineteenth-century America, unions had difficulty prospering because

middle-class values heralded individualism and private property, and unions were seen as a threat to these

The Pullman strike of 1894 broke new ground in labor-management relations because

the federal government became involved by sending troops, and issuing an injunction

The lesson from the novels of Horatio Alger is best summarized by the statement

"Rags to riches."

Which of the following is an example of the influence of corporate power on politics in the decades following the Civil War?

the use of state and federal troops to protect company property during strikes