Chapter 17: Blood Flashcards
(154 cards)
<p>What type of tissue is blood?</p>
<p>Connective Tissue</p>
<p>What is the approximate blood volume in adults? Males and Females</p>
<p>Male 5-6L, Female 4-5L</p>
<p>What are the 2 main components of blood (liquid and non-liquid)?</p>
<p>Plasma (liquid) and Formed Elements (what's being carried around)</p>
<p>What % of blood is plasma?</p>
<p>55%</p>
<p>What are the 3 categories of formed elements?</p>
<p>Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets</p>
<p>What are Erythrocytes</p>
<p>Red blood cells</p>
<p>What are Leuokocytes</p>
<p>white blood cells</p>
<p>What are Platelets</p>
<p>Thrombocytes/fragments of cells; less than 1% of blood</p>
<p>5 Types of Leuokocytes</p>
<p>Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes</p>
<p>What is in the "buffy coat?"</p>
<p>Leukocytes and Platelets</p>
<p>What are the functions of blood?</p>
<p>Distribution, Regulation, Protection</p>
<p>In blood, what is being distributed?</p>
<p>O2 & nutrients to body cells, remove metabolic waste to lungs and kidneys for elimination, transports hormones from endocrine to target organs</p>
<p>In blood, what is being regulated?</p>
<p>Body temp, blood ph, blood volume</p>
<p>How does blood protect?</p>
<p>Hemostasis and Prevents Infections</p>
<p>What is hemostasis? How does it work?</p>
<p>Protects against blood loss; plasma protein and platelets initiate clot</p>
<p>How does blood help prevent infection?</p>
<p>Antibodies, compliment proteins, WBC defend against foreign invaders</p>
<p>What color is plasma? Is it thick or thin?</p>
<p>Straw/pale yellow in color, viscous</p>
<p>What is the composition of plasma?</p>
<p>90% Water, 10% solute</p>
<p>What things are dissolved in plasma?</p>
<p>nutrients, gases, salts, hormones, proteins</p>
<p>Where do most formed elements come from?</p>
<p>Bone marrow, they do not divide</p>
<p>How long do mot formed elements last in the blood stream?</p>
<p>only a few days, except rbc's</p>
<p>What are the 3 classes of formed elements?</p>
<p>Erythrocytes (RBC), Leukocytes (WBC), Platelets (thrombocytes)</p>
<p>What are erythrocytes</p>
<p>Also known as RBC's, bag of hemoglobin</p>
<p>Characteristics of erythrocytes</p>
<p>Biconcave, anucleate, hemoglobin (Hb)</p>
What is the main function of erythrocytes?
respiratory gas transport
What is the name of the molecule that binds oxygen?
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
Made up of heme, globin and iron. 4 globin chains containing heme, which contain iron, iron binds to O2
Hematopoesis
blood cell formation
Where does hematopoiesis occur?
red bone marrow of axial skeleton, girdles and proximal epiphyses of humor and femur
What is the name for the formed element stem cell?
Hemocytoblasts
What determines the pathway for further differentiation for formed element stem cells?
hormones and growth factors
What is erythropoiesis?
red blood cell formation
What signals the start of erythropoiesis?
Erythropoietin (released by kidney in response to Hypoxia)
Why is the regulation of erythropoiesis so important?
Tissue hypoxia, blood viscosity
How is erythropoiesis controlled?
balance between production and destruction by hormones and adequate supply of iron, amino acids and b vitamins
What is hypoxia?
Low oxygen
What causes hypoxia?
hemorrhage or increased RBC destruction, iron deficiency/low hemoglobin, reduced O2 availability in high altitudes
What does hypoxia cause the kidney to release? And why?
erythropoietin to stimulate red bone marrow to produce rbc
What is the lifespan of RBC?
100-120 days
What happens to RBC's as they deteriorate?
They become fragile, hemoglobin degenerate
Who eats RBC's and where are they doing it?
Macrophage engulf RBC in spleen and liver
What is a leukocyte and what % of blood volume does it make up?
White blood cell, makes up 1% of total blood volume
What do leukocyte's leave behind during diapedesis?
capillaries (small blood vessels)
What is diapedesis?
blood cells moving out of blood vessels into tissue
What are the 2 main classes of leukocytes? And what are they based off of?
Granulocytes and Agranulocyte; presence of granules in cytoplasm
Types of Granulocytes and their percent abundance in WBC
Neutrophils 50-70% (most abundant)
Eosinophils 2-4%
Basophils .5-1% (Rarest)
Types of agranulocytes and their percent abundance in WBC
Lymphocytes (25-45%, 2nd most common), Monocytes (3-8%, 3rd most common)
What do granulocytes have?
Cytoplasmic granules that stain in characteristic colors with a wright's stain
3 types of granulocytes
Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils
What are neutrophils? And what is another name for them?
Fine granules that take up both acidic and basic dyes (pale staining), most numerous, very phagocytic, Also called PMN's (polymorphonuclear leukocytes)
What does polymorphonuclear leukocytes mean?
many shapes
What do neutrophil/pmn granules contain?
hydrolytic enzymes or defensins
What does an increase in neutrophil's indicate?
Body is fighting bacterial infection
5 Eosinophils Characteristics
Nucleus is bilobed, granules stain pink, granules are similar to lysosomes, digests parasitic worms, regulates immune response
3 Basophils characteristics
Rarest of WBC, granules are purple-black and contain histamine
What does histamine do?
Anti-inflammatory chemical that attracts other WBC to inflamed sites
What are agranulocytes?
Lack granules and nuclei are either spherical or kidney shaped
Describe Lymphocytes
large, dark purple nucleus with thin layer of cytoplasm
Where are lymphocytes found?
Lymphoid tissue, few in blood
What is the job of a lymphocyte?
immunity
What are the 2 types of lymphocytes?
B and T cells
What are monocytes?
largest of the WBCs, they leave blood circulation and enter tissues where they then turn into macrophage; actively phagocytic
Why are monocytes important?
Fight against viruses, intracellular bacterial parasites and chronic infection; can activate lymphocytes
Leukopoesis is the production of what?
wbc
What is leukopoesis stimulated by?
chemical messengers from bone marrow and mature wbc
All leukocytes originate rom what type of stem cell?
Hemocytoblasts
What is another name for platelets?
Thrombocytes
What is thrombopoiesis?
platelet formation
What is the job of thrombopoetin?
stimulate platelet creation
What are platelets?
Small fragments of a parent cell called a mega kerocyte (cell with big nucleus)
Platelets have granules that contain?
serotonin, calcium, enzymes, ADP, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)
What is hemostasis?
Reactions to prevent blood loss/bleeding; goal is to stop bleeding
Three phases of hemostasis
Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation
3 phases of coagulation
prothrombin activator is formed, prothrombin converted into thrombin, thrombrin triggers fibrinogen to create fibrin
What are 2 ways to form prothrombin during coagulation?
Intrinsic (vessel ruptures) and extrinsic (happens in tissue)
What happens after hemostasis and clot formation?
clot retraction and repair where actin and myosin retract within 30-60 minutes, platelets pull fibrin strands loose to leak serum
Two types of clot repair
PDGF (platelet derived growth factor) and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)
Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
Stimulates division of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to rebuild blood vessel wall
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
Stimulate endothelial cells to multiply and restore endothelial lining
What is fibrinolysis and when does it start?
the breakdown of fibrin, begins within 2 days
During fibrinolysis, what is going on with plasminogen and plasmin?
Plasminogen in clot converted to plasmin by the tissue plasminogen activator, factor XII and thrombrin
What controls the size of a blood clot?
Swift removal and dilution of clotting factors
What 3 things inhibit the activation of clotting factors?
Antithrombin III, protein c, heparin
What is a bad clot?
A clot forming that is not needed
What prevents bad clots from forming/platelet adhesion?
smooth endothelial lining of blood cells, antithrombic substances, vitamin E
Why is restoring blood volume important?
Required to deliver important nutrients to brain (o2)
In order to restore blood volume, what can blood be replaced by?
normal saline or electrolyte solution, plasma expanders (may cause complications)
When does a whole blood transfusion occur?
When there has been substantial blood loss
What are packed RBC used for?
Restore oxygen-carrying capacity (removed plasma from blood)
Plasma alone can be used for what?
Restoring blood volume
What can happen if blood between a donor and recipient is incompatible?
Can be fatal
What are antigens? How many are there?
identifiers on cell membranes that are glycoproteins; 30 different antigens, unique to each individual
What happens if blood is mismatched?
Body recognizes it as foreign and then destroys rbc
How is blood classified into groups?
Presence of an antigen on the RBC plasma membrane
What are the most common blood types?
A, B, AB, O
When do anti-A or anti-B antibodies form?
About 2 months of age
What does it mean to have Type B blood?
B-antigen, A antibody; can give to B and AB, can receive from O, B; 12%of population
What does it mean to have Type O blood?
Neither A or B antigen, A and B antibody, can give to anyone, can only receive from O. "universal donor" 45% of population
What does it mean to have Type A blood?
A antigen, anti-B, can give to A and AB can receive from A and O; 39% of population
What does it mean to have type AB blood?
A and B Antigen, Neither a or b antibodies, can give to AB, can receive from A, B, AB, and O; 4% of population; "universal recipient"
How do you blood type?
Serum containing anti-A or anti B antibodies is added to blood, if the matching antigen is present, blood will clump creating a positive reaction
What type of blood is this?
Type AB
What type of blood is this?
Type B
What type of blood is this?
Type A
What type of blood is this?
Type O
