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Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture > Test #2 > Flashcards

Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic vessels?

A. Return of excessive interstitial fluid and proteins to the bloodstream
B. Return of leaked newly formed lymphocytes to the bloodstream
C. Maintaining normal electrolyte levels in the bloodstream
D. Return of oxygen and nutrients to the bloodstream

A

A

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2
Q

Within the lymph nodes, the lymphocytes are scattered and secured on a scaffolding of..

A

Reticular Fibers

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3
Q

MALT stands for?

A

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue

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4
Q

B Lymphocytes develop into _______________ that will function to produce __________________.

A

Plasma Cells, Antibodies

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5
Q

Where do T cells achieve immunocompetancy?

A

Thymus

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6
Q

What is the primary symptom of lymphedema?

A

Swelling of affected limbs

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7
Q

In the spleen, the lymphocytes are primarily found in the…

A

White pulp

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8
Q

One of the functions of the lymphatic system is filtering lymph. This takes place in which parts of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph NOdes

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9
Q

In the lymph nodes, which of the following statements about the FLOW of fluid is TRUE?
A. The lymph slows down as it flows through the lymph nodes to enable defensive cells to have prolonged access to the fluid

B. The lymph slows down as if flows through the lymph node to facilitate nutrient exchange with tissues

C. The lymph flows through the lymph nodes at a fairly constant speed from entry to exit

D.The lymph speed up as it flows through the lymph node to enable faster filtration

A

A

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10
Q

Which part of the lymph node contains large numbers of dividing B cells?

A

Follicles in the outer cortex

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11
Q

The TWO primary lymphoid organs (Where B and T cells mature) are:

A

Bone marrow and thymus

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12
Q

What is the name of the follicles of lymphoid tissue found under the mucosa of the distal small intestine?

A

Peyer’s Patches

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13
Q

The spleen has functions related to the lymphatic and immune system. What is one function that DOES NOT have anything to do with these two systems?

A. Surveillance and destruction of old RBC
B. Surveillance and destruction of toxic materials
C. Production of WBC
D. Production of RBC

A

A

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14
Q

The structure that drains the entire left side of the body as well as the abdomen and both legs into the bloodstream is the…

A

Thoracic Duct

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15
Q

Once collected, lymph ultimately drains into the…

A

venous circulation

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16
Q

The innate immune system has several internal defense components. One of these parts is chemicals. Which answer below is one of the chemicals of the internal defense part of the innate immune system?

Antibodies
B Cells
T Cells
Complement

A

Complement

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17
Q 
Which one of the following is a possible effect that follow complement activation?
A. Tissue repair 
B. Enhanced phagocytosis 
C. B cell proliferation 
D. Fever
A

B. Enhance Phagocytosis

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18
Q

Where do T cells learn self-tolerance?

A

Thymus

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19
Q

In the pregnant female, antibodies can actually pass directly from mother to fetus. This is an example of:

A

Passive Natural Immunity

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20
Q

A “non-self” substance that can provoke an immune response is called:

A

Antigen

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21
Q

Cytotoxic T cells kill by

A

Insertion of perforins into cell membranes leading to cell lysis

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22
Q

Fever is caused by substances called

A

Pyrogens

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23
Q

Inflammation is one of the types of

A

Innate Internal Defenses

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24
Q

Which type of molecule is produced by virus infected cells to communicate to noninfected cells the presence of a virus?

A

Interfeuron

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25
Humoral immunity involves the production of ___________________ by plasma cells.
Antibodies
26
Which of the following terms is the property of lymphocytes that prevents them from attacking the body’s own cells?
Self-Tolerance
27
Which type of immunoglobulin is an antibody that is involved in some allergic responses?
IgE
28
Multiple myeloma is a bone marrow disorder where a population of cells is over produced. The way it is first observed is a high level of IgG in plasma. What type of cell is overpopulating?
Plasma Cell
29
Where in the body do all immune cells originate?
Bone Marrow
30
The “effector cell” of the humoral immune system is the..
Plasma Cell
31
CD4 T cells will develop into:
Helper T Cells
32
A dendritic cell needs to present an antigen to a CD8 cell. What is required?
A MHC I protein on the dendritic cell membrane
33
Speech is the result of...
Vibration of vocal cords while opening and closing the glottis
34
Which of the following is part of the respiratory zone structures? Terminal bronchi Alveoli Primary bronchi Trachea
Alveoli
35
What is the PRIMARY site of gas exchange?
Alveoli
36
Which of the following pressures must ALWAYS remain negative in order to PREVENT lung collapse?
Intrapleural pressure
37
Which of the statements below accurately describes the relationship between pulmonary volume and pressures? A. As lung volume increases, the pressure in the lungs decreases, forcing inspiration B. As lung volume increases, the pressure in the lungs may change, but doesn’t have to. C. As lung volume increases, the pressure in the lungs also increases, forcing expiration
A
38
What happens if the intrapleural pressure is equal to the intrapulmonary pressure?
Lung collapses
39
As the diaphragm CONTRACTS, what happens?
Lung volume increases Intrapulmonary pressure becomes negative Air flows into lungs
40
Both inspiration and expiration require muscular effort and are ACTIVE processes at all times. T/F
False
41
Surfactant is essential for the expansion of the alveoli. What does surfactant do?
It acts as a detergent and breaks the attraction of water molecules to each other
42
A lung with reduced compliance would exhibit which of the following characteristics? A. It would be full of infection B. It would be too stiff, and be unable to expand normally C. It would have too much surfactant in the alveoli D. It would be too stretchy, and over-expand with inhalation
B
43
What is the amount of air that is normally ventilated in one breath (either in OR out)?
Tidal Volume
44
The volume of air that is left in the conducting zone conduits and does not reach alveoli would be called
Anatomical Dead Space
45
Where does internal respiration happen?
In the tissues in contact with capillaries all over the body
46
Hyperventilation leads to
Hypocapnia
47
Which of the following processes are unique to (only found in) the respiratory system?
Pulmonary ventilation and external respiration
48
What are the two built in (intrinsic) systems within the immune system?
Innate (non-Specific) | Adaptive (specific)
49
What are 2 types of surface barriers in the innate immune system?
Skin and mucus membrane
50
What are the two arms of the adaptive immune system?
hummoral and cellular immunity
51
What are 3 characteristics of the adaptive immune system?
Targets Specific Cells (B and T) Systemic Has Memory
52
What is humoral immunity?
Involves antibodies and b cell lines (anti-body mediated)
53
What is cellular immunity?
Involves the actions of cells (especially t cells) acting against cellular targets (cell based)
54
What types of cells are involved in the adaptive immune system?
lymphocytes
55
What are the functions of lymph nodes?
1. Filter lymph via macrophage | 2. Immunity by activating lymphoctyes
56
What organs/tissues are considered part of MALT?
Appendix Peyer's Patches Tonsils Bronchi Lymphoid nodules
57
What is the job of Peyer's Patches and the Appendix?
Destroy Bacteria | Generate memory lymphocytes
58
What is the outer layer of a lymph node? What type of cells does it contain?
Cortex with dividing b cells
59
What is the inner layer of a lymph node? What cells does it contain?
Medullary chord with b cells, t cells and plasma cells
60
How does fluid flow throw a lymph node? Why>
Enters convex side via afferent pathway, subscapular sinus, smaller sinuses, efferent pathway at concave side of hilus; fewer efferent vessels to allow lymphocytes and macrophages time to catch up
61
What are the lymphoid organs?
* Spleen * Thymus * Tonsils * Peyer’s Patches * Appendix
62
What is the job of the spleen?
- Lymphocyte proliferation | - Cleanse blood of aged cells, platelets and debris
63
What is the job of the thymus?
T-cell maturation
64
What are the 2 distinct areas of the spleen?
Red Pulp | White Pulp
65
What types of cells are found in the white pulp region of the spleen?
lymphocytes involved in immunity
66
What types of cells are found in the red pulp region of the spleen?
macrophages rich in RBC
67
What 3 things are the result of complement activation?
inflammation Phagocytosis Cell lysis
68
What is immunocompetance?
act of cells maturing, ability to recognize one antigen
69
What is self-tolerance? How is it related to immunocompetence?
Unresponsive to self-antigens, part of becoming immunocompetent
70
What are the 5 immunoglobulins?
``` IgM IgA IgD IgE IgG ```
71
What is IgM
Pentamer | Fixes and activates complement protein
72
What is IgA?
Monomer/Dimer | found in mucus/secretions
73
What is IgD?
Monomer | Attaches to B Cells to become receptor
74
What is IgE?
Monomer | Allergies and parasitic infections, release of histamine
75
What is IgG?
Monomer | Cross-barrier and protect fetus/baby
76
What is active natural immunity?
Infection, direct contact to pathogen
77
What is active artifical immunity?
Vaccine
78
What is passive natural immunity?
Receiving antibodies via placenta or milk
79
What is passive artificial immunity?
injection of antibody serum
80
What are the defense mechanisms triggered by antigen-antbody complex?
neturalization precipate agglutinaiton complement-fixation
81
What is neutralization?
simplest, blocks specific sites on virus and bacteria, activates phagocytosis
82
What is agglutination?
Antigen bind on same determinant, cross-linked antigen-antibody complex, causes clumping
83
What is precipation?
Soluble molecules cross-linked, forming precipate to be phagotized
84
what is complement fixation?
Main defense against cellular antigen, triggers cell lysis
85
What is an antigen?
foreign substance not recognized by body
86
What is the first line of defense?
surface barriers
87
What makes up our first line of defense?
Skin and mucus
88
What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflmmation?
heat redness swelling pain
89
What causes heat and rediness?
arteriole dilating, increased blood flow to area
90
What causes swelling?
increased fluid due to increased permeability and leaky capillaries
91
What cells kill by apoptosis?
NK cell | Macrophage
92
What are the two arms of the immune system?
Innate | Adaptive
93
What is our innate immune system?
Surface Barriers | Internal Defenses
94
What are our internal defenses?
Cells and Chemicals
95
What cells make up our internal defneses?
Phagocytes NK cells mast cells wbcs
96
What chemicals make up our internal defenses?
interfeuron complement inflammation fever
97
What are the 2 arms of our adaptive immune system?
Cellular | Hummoral
98
What makes up hummoral immunity?
B Cells (plasma cells and memory B)
99
What makes up our cellular immunity?
T Cells
100
What types of cells do T cells produce?
Helper T Cytotoxic Supressor T Memory
101
What is the effector cell of cellular immunity?
T Cell (cytoxic and helper T)
102
What do cytoxic cells do?
kill foreign cells like cancer or virus-infected cells
103
What do helper t cells do?
orchestrate adaptive immune response, activate macrophage
104
What do CD4 cells beome? Which MHC do they require?
Become helper T cells, require MHII
105
What do CD8 cells become? Which MCH do they require?
Become cytotoxic, require MHI
106
What are MHC proteins? What do they do? Where are they found? What are the two classes?
1. Major histocompatibility proteins 2. Hold marker for self-antigen or foreign antigen 3. Found on surface 4. MHI and MHII
107
What types of cells are MH I?
nucleated body cells
108
What types of cells are MHII?
Dendritic, macrophage, B cells
109
What is the structure of an antibody?
2 identical heavy chain with 2 identical light chains with a variable region that join to form binding site
110
What is the conducting zone? What does it include?
Carries air to site of gas exchange. | Includes nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi and most bronchioles
111
What is the respiratory zone? What does it contain?
Site of gas exchange | Includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
112
What is intrapulmonary pressure?
Pressure in alveoli that fluctuates with breathing, eventually equal to atmospheric
113
What is intrapleural pressure?
Pressure in pleural cavity, always negative
114
What is transpulmonary pressure?
Intrapulmonary minus intrapleural Keeps airways open larger the value the larger the lungs are
115
What it is happening to volume and pressure during: diaphragm contract diaphragm relax
contract - increase volume, decrease pressure relax- decrease volume, increase pressure
116
What type of process is inspiration?
Active
117
What type of process is quiet exhalation?
passive
118
What type of process is forced exhalation>
active
119
What drives the movement of gases during respiratory gas exchange?
Pressure, travel from high pressure to low pressure
120
What is surfactant?
- lipid-protein complex that breaks down surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse - produced by type II alveolar cell
121
What is lung compliance?
Measure of the change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure.
122
What prevents lung compliance?
non-elastic scar tissue reduced thoracic stretch reduced surfactant production
123
What is tidal volume?
air inhaled or exhaled during one breath at rest
124
What is inspiratory volume?
Amount of air that can be inhaled after normal tidal volume
125
What is expiratory reserve volume?
Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal tidal volume
126
What is anatomical dead space?
volume of conducting zone conduits
127
What is alveolar dead space?
Volume of alveolar that do not participate in gas exchange
128
What is total dead space?
sum of non-useful volumes
129
What is dead space?
inspired air that does not participate in gas exchange
130
What is internal respiration? Where does it take place?
Capillary gas exchange in body tissues
131
What is external respiration? Where does it take place?
Exchange of O2 and Co2 across respiratory membrane
132
Where does circulatory transport of respiratory gases occur?
blood/tissues
133
What is ventillation?
movement of air, amount of gas reaching alveoli
134
What can increase respiratory rate?
exercise | hyperventillation
135
What can decrease respiratory rate?
apenea | low CO2
136
What happens to O2 levels when someone can not breathe?
low O2
137
What happens to CO2 levels when a person cannot breathe
High CO2
138
Hypercapnia
high CO2
139
hypocapnia
low co2
140
What is tuberculosis and what causes it?
Caused by bacteria, treated with 1 year of antibiotics
141
What is cystic fibrosis and is it inherited?
Abnormal mucus production, inherited 1 in 2400 have

Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture (16 decks)

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