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Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture > Chapter 24 - Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 24 - Metabolism Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

Substance in food needed for growth, maintenance and repair

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2
Q

What is a macronutrient?

A

three major nutrients that make up the bulk of ingested food - carbs, lipids, proteins

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3
Q

What is a micronutrient?

A

Two nutrients that are required, but only in small amounts - vitamins and minerals

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4
Q

What are the 3 major macronutrients?

A

Carbs, Lipids, Proteins

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5
Q

What is an essential nutrient?

A

45-50 Nutrients that must be eaten because the body cannot make/synthesize

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6
Q

What is a calorie?

A

essential nutrient

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7
Q

What is a Calorie?

A

energy value of food, sa

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8
Q

Which vitamins can be made up within the body?

A 
Vitamin D (Skin)
Vitamin B and K (Colon)
Vitamin A (Converted from beta-carotene)
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9
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

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10
Q

What is a mineral?

A

required in moderate amounts

Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sulfur
Sodium
Chlorine
Magnesium
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11
Q

What is a trace mineral?

A

Minerals required in trace accounts

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12
Q

What is the definition of metabolism?

A

All of the biochemical reactions inside of cells necessary to maintain life

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of metabolic reactions?

A

Anabolism

Catabolism

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14
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones - ex) synthesis of protein from amino acids

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15
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Hydrolysis of complex structures to simpler ones - ex) break down of proteins to amino acids

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16
Q

What are the 1st stage of metabolism?

A

1) Digestion in the GI tract into absorbable form - products transported via blood to tissue cells

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17
Q

What is the 2nd stage of metabolism?

A

Anaolism and Catabolism of nutrients to form pyruvic acid w/in tissue cells

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18
Q

What is the 3rd stage of metabolism?

A

Oxidative breakdown of stage 2 products in mitochondria to get ATP - release CO2 and H20

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19
Q

What is the 3rd stage of metabolism?

A

Oxidative breakdown of stage 2 products in mitochondria to get ATP - release CO2 and H20

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20
Q

What is carbohydrate metabolism?

A

Oxidation of glucose

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21
Q

What is the reaction for carbohydrate metabolism?

A

glucose + oxygen –> water + carbon dioxide + ATP + heat

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6H20 + 6CO2 + 32 ATP + Heat

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22
Q

What are three pathways to catabolize glucose?

A

Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain + Oxidative Phosphorlyation

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23
Q

Which pathway yields the most ATP?

A

ETC

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24
Q

What type of process is glycolysis?

A

Anaerobic, doesn’t need O2

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25
Where does glycolysis take place?
Cytoplasm/Cytosol
26
What happens during glycolysis?
Glucose (6 carbon) broken down into 2 carbon pyruvate acid molecules (each with 3 carbons). The 2 carbons then enter one of 2 pathways depending on O2 availability
27
In glycolysis, what are the 2 pathways carbon can enter?
Anaerobic or aerobic
28
What is the anaerobic glycolysis pathway?
lactic acid (mitochondria not involved)
29
What is the aerobic glycolysis pathway?
Krebs cycle, enters mitochondria
30
What is the net ATP production of one molecule of glucose in glycolysis?
2 ATP, fastest process but produces the least ATP
31
How are the krebs cycle and O2 related?
Doesn't directly use O2, but O2 must be available for it to run
32
Where does the Krebs/Citric Acid/YCA process occur?
Mitchondria
33
In the krebs cycle, what molecules "enter" the cycle?
Coenzyme A hooked on to acetic acid
34
What are the products of the krebs cycle?
6 CO2 8 NADH + H+ 2 FADH2 2 ATP
35
What goes "in" during the krebs cycle? And out?
3 carbon pyruvate go in | CO2, NADH+ H+ and FADH2 go out
36
What pathway requires oxygen?
ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation
37
In ETC/Oxidative Phosphorylation how are hydrogen atoms delivered?
NADH+ H+ and FADH2
38
In ETC, where are H+ ions stored?
membrane space
39
Do cells store large quantities of ATP?
No
40
What happens when there are high levels of ATP in cells?
Glucose catabolism is inhibited, glyocen and fat formation are promoted
41
What is glycogenesis? Where does it occur?
Making glycogen, occurs mostly in liver and skeletal muscle
42
What is glycogenolysis?
Breaking down glycogen to make glucose
43
What is gluconeogensis? Where does it occur?
Making glycogen from non-carbohydrates such as protein and lipids; occurs in liver
44
When does glycogenolysis occur?
When blood glucose fall too low
45
When does glycogenolysis occur?
When blood glucose fall too low
46
What can the liver also use to make glucose?
protein and lipid
47
In lipid metabolism, what is the Kcal energy released from 1 gram of fat? And carbs and protein?
Fat - 9 | Carbs/Protein - 4
48
How are fats transported?
In lymph as chylomicrons
49
What does fat digestion yield?
fatty acids plus glycerol
50
What are triglycerides a combo of
glycerol | 3 fatty acids
51
What can lipids be broken down into?
Pyruvic acid and 2-carbon units of acetic acid and bound to COa (making acetyl CoA) - entering the krebs cycle
52
What do we use lipids for?
1. Cell Membrane | 2. Creation of phospholipids to make steroid hormones
53
What happens when excess protein is consumed?
Amino acids are oxidized for energy and converted to fat
54
What is transanimation
Amine group NH2 is removed to form keto acids - glutamic acid and keto acid
55
Where does keto acid go?
krebs cycle
56
Why is the amine group (NH2) converted? How is it excreted?
Converted to forms pyruvic or keto acid Excreted thru kidney
57
Where does protein synthesis occur?
ribosomes
58
Who controls protein synthesis?
Hormones - growth hormone, thyroid hormone, sex hormones
59
What does protein synthesis require?
Complete set of amino acids
60
What are essential amino acids?
Proteins that must be supplied in the diet
61
What is a steady state?
Balance or equilibrium between catabolism and anabolism
62
The organic molecules in your body. are constantly being broken down and rebuilt - T/F What's the exception
True | DNA is the exception
63
What are the 3 interconvertible nutrient pools?
Amino Acids Carbs Fats
64
What is the absorptive state - controlled by, when does it occur, what is happening
1) The Fed State 2) Controlled by insulin 3) shortly after eating 4) Nutrient absorption where anabolism exceeds catabolism
65
What is being secreted during the absorptive state?
Insulin from the beta cells of the pancreas that are stimulated by elevated blood glucose
66
What is the post-absorptive state - status of GI tract, what is happening?
1) Fasting State 2) GI Tract is empty 3) Catabolism > Anabolism
67
In the post absorptive state, where does energy come from?
Energy supplied by breakdown of chemical reserves
68
When is Glucagon released? How?
1) Released to keep blood glucose up due to fasting or high amino acids 2) Glycogenolysis, Glycogenosis, lipolysis
69
What is energy balance?
Optimal state, input=output
70
How much energy is lost as heat?
60%
71
What is energy output?
Used to do work, driven by ATP
72
How is excess energy stored?
Stored as fat or glycogen which results in obseity
73
How do you calculate BMI?
wt (lb) x 705/height in^2
74
What is hyperthyroidism? What are the symptoms?
Oversecretion of thyroid hormone Symptoms: increased hunger, weightloss
75
What is hypothyroidism?
Undersecretion of thyroid hormone Symptoms: weight gain, slowed metabolism, diminished thought process
76
What is bad cholesterol?
LDL
77
What can high LDL indicate?
Likelihood of heart disease - artherosclerosis, CV disease, heart attack
78
How do you lower cholesterol?
Dietary management and exercise, statins

Anatomy & Physiology II - Lecture (16 decks)

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