Chapter 18 Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
Mention the 3 functions of blood
A
transportation, regulation, protection
2
Q
What kind of tissue is blood?
A
connective tissue
3
Q
What does blood carry?
A
hormones, heat, respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes
4
Q
Which blood vessel take blood away from the heart?
A
arteries
5
Q
Which blood vessel take blood into the heart?
A
veins
6
Q
What is another name from capillaries?
A
exchange vessels
7
Q
What are the 2 components of blood?
A
formed elements and plasma
8
Q
Mention the formed elements of blood
A
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
9
Q
What does erythrocytes transport?
A
respiratory gases or oxygen and co2
10
Q
What is the principal function of leukocytes?
A
defend against pathogens
11
Q
What is the principal function of platelets?
A
form clots to prevent blood loss
12
Q
Which is the fluid portion of blood?
A
plasma
13
Q
What are the ways to lose water?
A
skin, respiration, urine
14
Q
What does blood regulate?
A
fluid balance, body temperature and pH
15
Q
What color is blood when is oxygen-rich?
A
bright red
16
Q
What does it mean when blood is dark red?
A
it’s oxygen-poor blood
17
Q
What does viscosity mean?
A
how thick is something
18
Q
How can blood viscosity be increased?
A
when there’s more erythrocytes or less fluid
19
Q
What is the pH of blood?
A
slightly alkaline
20
Q
What is whole blood?
A
formed elements and plasma
21
Q
What is centrifuged blood?
A
the separation of whole blood
22
Q
What’s the lower layer of centrifuged blood?
A
erythrocytes
23
Q
What’s the middle layer of centrifuged blood?
A
buffy coat
24
Q
What are the components of Buffy coat?
A
leukocytes and platelets
25
What's the top layer of centrifuged blood?
plasma
26
What is the principal component of plasma?
water. 92%
27
What's the definition of hematocrit?
percentage of volume of all formed elements
28
wha's the clinical definition of hematocrit?
percentage of erythrocytes
29
What's blood smear?
blood placed on microscope slide and stained
30
How erythrocytes are seen in a blood smear?
they're more numerous, and pink
31
How leukocytes are seen in a blood smear?
larger than erythrocytes
32
How platelets are seen in a blood smear?
smallest ones
33
Where is plasma?
outside the cell
34
What is plasma similar to?
interstitial fluid
35
Why is blood a colloid?
because of plasma proteins
36
who generates colloid osmotic pressure?
plasma proteins
37
what does colloid osmotic pressure does?
sucks fluid preventing its lost
38
what is the main plasma protein?
albumins, 58%
39
what kind of protein is albumin?
transport protein
40
what is the second most common plasma protein?
globulin, 37%
41
mention the three types of globulins
alpha, beta and gamma
42
what does alpha and beta globulins do?
transport water-insoluble molecules
43
what does gamma-globulins do?
they're part of body defense
44
when is fribinogen needed?
when it's trauma
45
what is the function of fibrinogen?
helps with blood clotting
46
what's hemopoiesis?
production of formed elements
47
where does hemopoiesis happen?
red bone marrow
48
why hemocytoblasts are pluripotent?
they can differentiate in many types of cells
49
what line forms lymphocytes?
lymphoid line
50
what lines does hemocytoblats produce?
myeloid and lymphoid line
51
what does myeloid line form?
erythrocytes, all leukocytes (no lymphocytes), and megakaryocytes
52
what does megakaryocytes produce?
platelets
53
what's the function of colony-stimulating factors?
stimulate hematopoiesis
54
what's erythropoiesis?
production of erythrocytes
55
what's the sequence of erythropoiesis?
myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, normoblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte
56
in what stage of erythropoiesis the nucleus is gone?
normoblast
57
why does reticulocytes need ribosomes?
to make hemoglobin and be able to carry oxygen and co2
58
what happen when the erythrocyte is made?
in the last stage, the ribosomes is gone
59
what's the term for the production of leukocytes?
leukopoiesis
60
mention the sequence of the production of granulocytes
myeloid stem cell, myeloblast, granulocyte
61
mention the sequence of the production of monocytes
myeloid stem cell, monoblast, monocyte
62
in what lymphoid stem cell differentiate?
B-lymphoblast, T-lymphoblast, and some natural killers
63
what's the term for production of platelets?
thrombopoiesis
64
mention the sequence of thrombopoiesis
megakaryoblast, megakaryiocyte, platelets
65
what protein is inside an erythrocyte?
hemoglobin
66
what's the composition of hemoglobin?
4 globins. 2 alpha and 2 beta chains
67
where is the heme group?
in each globin, with iron in its center
68
oxygen binds to
iron
69
co2 binds to
globin
70
which hormone controls erythropoiesis?
erythropoietin (EPO)
71
where is erythropoietin produced?
liver
72
secretion of erythropoietin is stimulated by
decrease in blood oxygen or testosterone
73
EPO regulating erythropoiesis is______feedback
negative
74
mention ways of bloop doping
self donation of erythrocytes, drugs
75
how many time does erythrocytes live?
120 days
76
where are the old erythrocytes phagocytized?
liver or spleen
77
what is saved in erythrocyte destruction?
globulin and iron
78
what happen to the heme group during erythrocyte destruction?
in the macrophages, they're converted into biliverdin
79
what does biliverdin become and where does it go?
bilirubin and goes to the liver
80
what does bilirubin become?
in the small intestine, it's converted into urobilinogen
81
sequence of erythrocyte destruction
heme group
biliverdin
bilirubin
urobilinogen
bacteria or urobilin
82
define anemia
lover oxygen-carrying capacity
83
symptoms of anemia
lethargy, shortness of breath, pallor, palpitations
84
mention the surface antigens for all types of blood
Type A- A
Type B- B
Type AB- A and B
Type O- neither
85
where are the surface antigens?
on the cell
86
where are the antibodies?
in the blood
87
what type of antibodies does each type of blood has?
Type A- anti-B
Type B- anti-A
Type AB- neither
Type O- anti-A and anti-B
88
what's a Rh factor?
surface antigen D
89
What's a Rh positive?
erythrocyte with surface antigen D
NO anti-D antibodies
90
What's a Rh negative?
erythrocyte with NO surface antigen D
NO anti-D antibodies
91
what happen if someone receives incompatible transfusion?
agglutination
92
what does leukocyte don't have?
hemoglobin
93
mention the processes leukocytes are able to do
diapedesis
chemotaxis
94
what's diapedesis?
squeezing through blood vessel wall
95
what's chemotaxis?
attraction of leukocytes to chemicals at an infection site
96
what does granulocytes have?
granules
97
mention types of granulocytes
basophils, neutrophils,eosinophils
98
mention types of agranulocytes
monocytes, lymohocytes
99
most numerous granulocyte
neutrophils, 50-70%
100
function of neutrophils
phagocytize infectious pathogens
101
neutrophils are relate to_____
bacterial infection
102
function of eosinophils
finding parasits
103
basophils are related to_____
histamine, allergies
104
monocites transform into______
macrophages
105
function of monocytes
phagocytize bacteria, viruses, debris
106
leukopenia is_____ number of_____
reduced, leukocytes
107
leukocytosis is_____number of_____
elevated, leukocytes
108
differential count is
measure each type of leukocytes
109
increase of neutrophils
neutrophilic
110
decrease of neutrophils
neutropenia
111
increase of leukocytes is caused by______
viral infections
112
acute leukemia
rapid progression, death
113
what's hemostasis?
stopping bleeding
114
mention the phases of hemostasis
vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation phase
115
what happen in the vascular spasm phase?
vasoconstriction
116
in platelet plug phase, the platelets stick with____
collagen fibers
117
what component repels platelets?
prostacyclin
118
platelets stick to collagen fibers with help of_______
von Willebrand factor
119
low platelets count
thrombocytopenia
120
what's needed for coagulation?
calcium, clotting factors, platelets, vitamin K
121
what are clotting factors how are they named?
they're inactive enzymes. they're named based on their discovery
122
where are clotting factors produced?
liver
123
named the pathways for coagulation
intrinsic, extrinsic, and common pathway
124
in the intrinsic pathway, the damage is_____ of vessel wall
inside
125
sequence of intrinsic pathway
platelets
factor XII
factor XI
factor IX
factor IX - Ca2+ - factor III
factor VIII
factor X
126
in the extrinsic pathway the damage is______of vessel wall
outside
127
sequence of extrinsic pathway
thromboplastin - factor VII - Ca2+
factor X
128
extrinsic pathway is _____ than intrinsic pathway
faster
129
sequence of common pathway
factor X - factor II - factor V - Ca2+ - factor III= prothrombin activador
thrombin
soluble fibrinogen
soluble fibrin
factor XIII by Ca2+
130
what does the sympathetic division does when we lose more than 10% of blood?
increases vasoconstriction, heart rate, force of heart contraction
redistribute blood to heart and brain
131
clot elimination includes:
clot retraction, fibrinolysis
132
what's clot retraction?
actinomyosin squeezes serum out of clot to make it smaller
133
what's fibrinolysis?
degradation of fibrin by plasmin
134
what's an embolus?
blood clot that broke into blood
135
what's a thrombus?
blood vessel clot
136
all formed elements are derived from cells called:
hemocytoblasts
137
An average of about ______ of erythrocytes are removed from circulation per day.
10%
138
glucose is a
polar molecule
dissolves in plasma
139
what happen if colloid pressure decrease?
fluid retention
140
The growth factor that increases the formation of erythrocytes, all classes of granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets from myeloid stem cells is
multi-CSF
141
As a platelet plug forms at an injury site, platelets become activated and their cytosol
degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2.
